PUBLIC HEALTH ASSESSMENT

BOFORS NOBEL INCORPORATED
EGELSTON TOWNSHIP, MUSKEGON COUNTY, MICHIGAN
CERCLIS NO. MID006030373





APPENDIX A.

FIGURES

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1
Figure 1. Site Location

Figure 2
Figure 2. Site Map (Reference 1, Figure 2-1)

Figure 3
Figure 3. Potentiometric Map (Reference 1, Figure 3-14)

Figure 4
Figure 4. Approximate Extent of 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine Groundwater Contamination Plume (After Reference 1, Figure 4-21)





APPENDIX B.

TABLES

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Potential Compounds of Concern at the Bofors-Nobel Site and Selected Exposure and Environmental Standards.

Table 2. Chemicals detected in the Lomac plant water system, 1979-1994.

Table 3. Maximum concentrations of contaminants of concern found in groundwater from monitoring wells on the Bofors-Nobel Site (1986-88, 1992-3).

Table 4. Maximum concentrations of contaminants of concern found in groundwater from purge wells on the Bofors-Nobel Site (1986-88, 1992-93).

Table 5. Average Annual Concentrations (ppb) of Six Compounds in Bofors-Nobel Groundwater Purge System Discharge Water, 1982-1986, 1992

Table 6. Concentrations of contaminants of concern in soil from the plant area at the Bofors-Nobel site, 1980-1988.

Table 7. Concentrations of contaminants of concern in sludge from the lagoons on the Bofors-Nobel site, 1981-88.

Table 8. Concentrations of contaminants of concern in subsurface soils from the lagoon area at the Bofors-Nobel site, 1981-88.

Table 9. Concentrations of contaminants of concern in surface soil samples from the Bofors-Nobel site, from the RI (1988)

Table 10. Air contamination at the Bofors-Nobel site, June-July 1988

Table 11. Air contamination at the Bofors-Nobel site, December 1992-November 1993.

Table 12. Concentrations of contaminants of concern found in groundwater from monitoring wells adjacent to the Bofors-Nobel Site (1981-88).

Table 13. Concentrations of contaminants in fish collected from Black Creek at the U.S. 31 bridge, May 1987.

Table 14. Number of Observed and Expected Cases of Invasive Bladder Cancer Among Residents of Zip Code 49442. 1985-1993

Table 15. Number of Observed and Expected Cases of Invasive Bladder Cancer Among Residents of Zip Code 49444. 1985-1993

Table 16. Number of Observed and Expected Cases of Invasive Bladder Cancer Among Residents of Zip Code 49415. 1985-1993

Table 17. Number of Observed and Expected Cases of Cancer of All Sites Among Residents of Zip Code 49442. 1985-1993.

Table 18. Number of Observed and Expected Cases of Cancer of All Sites Among Residents of Zip Code 49444. 1985-1993

Table 19. Number of Observed and Expected Cases of Cancer of All Sites Among Residents of Zip Code 49415. 1985-1993

Table 20. Number of Hospital Discharges with any Mention of Bladder Cancer and Hospitalization Rates per 100,000 Population, Zip Codes 49442 and 49444

Table 1. Potential Compounds of Concern at the Bofors-Nobel Site and Selected Exposure and Environmental Standards.

Chemical SDWA MCL
(ppb)		 OSHA PEL
(µg/m3)		 Michigan AAACa
(µg/m3)
acetoneb NAc 1,800,000 18,000
anilineb NA 8,000 100
arsenicd 50 500 NA
azobenzeneb NA NA NA
bariumd 2,000 5 NA
benzeneb 5 3,300 0.14
benzidineb NA CAe NA
bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 6 5,000 0.23
2-chloroanilineb NA NA NA
3-chloroaniline NA NA NA
4-chloroanilinef NA NA NA
chlorobenzene NA 350,000 3,500
chloroisophorone NA NA NA
chromiumd 100 500 NA
cobaltf NA 50 NA
copperf 1,300g 100 NA
dichloroazobenzene NA NA NA
1,2-dichlorobenzene 600 300,000 3,000
1,3-dichlorobenzene NA NA NA
1,4-dichlorobenzene 75 450,000 0.16
3,3'-dichlorobenzidineb NA CA 0.002
3,3'-dichloro-2,4'-diaminobiphenyl NA NA NA
1,2-dichloroethane 5 5,000 0.09
1,1-dichloroethylenef 7 4,000 NA
trans-1,2-dichloroethyleneb,h 100 790,000 7,900
di-n-propyl formamide NA NA NA
ethylbenzeneb 700 435,000 4,400
isophoronef NA 23,000 NA
leadd 15i 50 NA
manganesef NA 1,000 NA
2-methylnaphthalenef NA NA NA
2-methylphenold NA 22,000 NA
4-methylphenolf NA 22,000 NA
naphthalenef NA 50,000 NA
nickelf 100 100 NA
nitrobenzenef NA 5,000 NA
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane NA 7,000 0.02
tetrachloroethyleneb 5 170,000 1.7
tolueneb 2,000 375,000 3,800
trichloroethylene 5 270,000 0.6
trimethylphenol NA NA NA
vinyl chloride 2 2,600 0.4
xylenesb 10,000 435,000 4,400
zincf NA NA NA

Taken from Table 5 in Reference 23, with additions noted below.

Bolded chemicals are contaminants of concern for this public health assessment.

a – Acceptable Ambient Air Concentrations, from Reference 1, Table 6-10.

b – Compound of Concern in some medium from Reference 1.

c – NA = None Listed

d – Compound of Concern from Reference 1, not in Table 5 in Reference 23.

e – CA = Carcinogen or probable. Specific regulations.

f – Not listed as compound of concern in either Reference 1 or Reference 23, but Contaminant of Concern by ATSDR criteria (pages 9-11).

g – Maximum Contaminant Level Goal

h – Isomer not specified in list of Compounds of Concern in Reference 1.

i – U.S. EPA Proposed Action Level for Lead in Drinking Water

Table 2. Chemicals detected in the Lomac plant water system, 1979-1994.

Date DCB
(ppb)		 Other Chemicals
(ppb)		 Comparison Values
(ppb)
3/79 2.8 – 0.03C
6/79 ND –
9/79 ND –
11/79 ND –
1/80 0.5 –
3/80 1 –
6/80 10 –
9/8/80 0.3 –
9/30/80 ND –
11/88 – ND –
7/91 ND Tetrachloroethylene (113) 0.7C
Chloroform (1.6) 6C
3/92 ND ND –
6/92 ND ND –
9/92 ND ND –
12/92 ND ND –
3/93 ND ND –
6/93 ND ND –
9/93 ND n-butylbenzene (1.2) NA
sec-butylbenzene (1.1) NA
tert-butylbenzene (1.1) NA
12/93 ND ND –
3/94 ND ND –
8/94 ND ND –

References: 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37

ND – Not Detected

– Not Analyzed or not relevant

NA – None Available

Comparison Value Bases:

C – ATSDR Cancer Risk Evaluation Guides (CREGs), for estimated 1 x 10-6 increased cancer risk.

Table 3. Maximum concentrations of contaminants of concern found in groundwater from monitoring wells on the Bofors-Nobel Site (1986-88, 1992-3).

Chemical Date Maximum Concentration
(ppb)		 Reference Comparison Values
(ppb)
acetone 1988 81,000 1 1,000R
1992 18.J 39
1993 2.2 39
aniline 1986 167 38 6C
1987 ND 1
1988 10,000 1
1992 13.7 39
1993 23 39
arsenic 1988 73.9 1 0.02C
1992 13 39
barium 1988 150.J 1 700R
1992 64 39
benzene 1986 370 38 1C
1987 1,000 1
1988 65,000 1
1992 544 39
1993 560 39
benzidine 1986 900 38 20E, 0.0002C
1987 1,600 1
1988 1,300 1
1992 12,000 39
1993 1,200 39
2-chloroaniline 1987 11,000 1 NA
1988 63,000 1
4-chloroaniline 1988 42 1 40R
1992 32.1 39
1993 62 39
chlorobenzene 1987 8 1 200R
1988 10,752 1
1992 5.3 39
1993 3.1 39
chromium 1988 28.2 1 10,000R (III); 50R, 3C (VI)
1992 74 39
cobalt 1988 13.J 1 NA
1992 38 39
copper 1988 54 1 1,300MG
1992 120 39
DCB 1986 283 38 0.08C
1987 150 1
1988 1,900 1
1992 401 39
1993 56 39
1,2-dichlorobenzene 1988 400 1 900R
1992 ND 39
1993 ND 39
1,2-dichloroethane 1986 25 23 0.4C
1987 ND 1
1988 110 1
1992 ND 39
1993 ND 39
1,2-dichloroethylene (total) 1988 1,900 1 70A (cis);   200R (trans)
1992 ND 39
1993 ND 39
ethylbenzene 1988 3 1 1,000R
1992 1.6J 39
1993 ND 39
isophorone 1988 1,400 1 2,000E, 40C
1992 ND 39
1993 ND 39
lead 1988 57.5 1 15PL, carcinogen
1992 1,200 39
manganese 1988 5,290 1 50R
1992 290 39
2-methylnaphthalene 1988 480 1 NA
1992 ND 39
1993 ND 39
2-methylphenol 1988 48 1 500R, carcinogen
1992 ND 39
1993 ND 39
4-methylphenol 1988 170 1 carcinogen
1992 ND 39
1993 ND 39
naphthalene 1988 650 1 20A
1992 ND 39
1993 ND 39
nickel 1988 72.9 1 carcinogen
1992 71 39
nitrobenzene 1988 6,600 1 5R
1992 ND 39
1993 ND 39
tetrachloroethylene 1986 19 38 0.7C
1987 ND 1
1988 18,000 1
1992 20.8 39
1993 4 39
toluene 1987 ND 1 200Ei
1988 280,000 1
1992 23.5 39
1993 4 39
trichloroethylene 1988 43 1 3C
1992 2.4 39
1993 ND 39
vinyl chloride 1987 ND 1 0.2E, carcinogen
1988 1,000 1
1992 ND 39
1993 ND 39
xylenes (total) 1992 1.4J 39 2,000Ei
1993 ND 39
zinc 1988 3,080 1 3,000R
1992 210,000 39

Contaminants of Concern that were not detected in this medium are not listed.

Bolded contaminants exceeded comparison values.

ND – Not Detected

(III) – For chromium(III)

(VI) – For chromium(VI)

NA – None Available

carcinogen – Carcinogen (possible, probable, or proven) but no CREG available.

Comparison Value Bases:

E – ATSDR Environmental Medium Evaluation Guides (EMEGs)

Ei – ATSDR Environmental Medium Evaluation Guides (EMEGs), intermediate-term exposure

R – ATSDR Reference Dose Medium Evaluation Guides (RMEGs), calculated from U.S. EPA Reference Doses, assuming child ingestion

C – ATSDR Cancer Risk Evaluation Guides (CREGs), for estimated 1 x 10-6 increased cancer risk.

A – U.S. EPA Drinking Water Lifetime Health Advisories

PL – U.S. EPA Proposed Action Level for Lead in Drinking Water

MG – U.S. EPA Safe Drinking Water Act Maximum Contaminant Level Goal

Table 4. Maximum concentrations of contaminants of concern found in groundwater from purge wells on the Bofors-Nobel Site (1986-88, 1992-93).

Chemical Date Maximum Concentration
(ppb)		 Reference Comparison Values
(ppb)
acetone 1992 292 39 1,000R
1993 26.J 39
aniline 1986 2,435 23 6C
1987 1,200 1
1988 64.J 1
1992 1,600 39
1993 1,300 39
arsenic 1988 8.5J 1 0.02C
1992 7 39
1993 4 39
barium 1988 174.J 1 700R
1992 57.3 39
1993 24 39
benzene 1986 6,289 23 1C
1987 6,500 1
1988 ND 1
1992 16,300 39
1993 11,000 39
benzidine 1986 1,975 23 20E, 0.0002C
1987 480 1
1988 240 1
1992 1,600 39
1993 420 39
2-chloroaniline 1987 5,600 1 NA
1988 3,500 1
4-chloroaniline 1992 31 39 40R
1993 27 39
chlorobenzene 1987 71 1 200R
1988 240 1
1992 954 39
1993 480 39
chromium 1988 18.5 1 10,000R (III)
50R, 3C (VI)
1992 12 39
1993 ND 39
copper 1992 28 39 1,300MG
1993 ND 39
DCB 1986 533 23 0.08C
1987 420 1
1988 400 1
1992 2,400 39
1993 410 39
1,2-dichlorobenzene 1992 214 39 900R
1993 110 39
1,2-dichloroethane 1986 24 23 0.4C
1987 480 1
1988 110 1
1992 22 39
1993 ND 39
1,2-dichloroethylene (total) 1988 290 1 70A (cis)
200R (trans)
1992 1,100 39
1993 1,700 39
ethylbenzene 1992 340 39 1,000R
1993 290 39
isophorone 1988 280 1 2,000E, 40C
1992 33.2 39
1993 20 39
lead 1992 6.4 39 15PL, carcinogen
1993 3 39
manganese 1992 784 39 50R
1993 410 39
2-methylphenol 1992 74.4 39 500R, carcinogen
1993 33 39
4-methylphenol 1992 49.7 39 carcinogen
1993 23 39
nickel 1988 10.2J 1 carcinogen
1992 12 39
1993 ND 39
nitrobenzene 1992 3.J 39 5R
1993 ND 39
tetrachloroethylene 1986 81 23 0.7C
1987 88 1
1988 220 1
1992 4,400 39
1993 4,000 39
toluene 1987 7,100 1 200Ei
1988 1,100 1
1992 7,350 39
1993 4,600 39
trichloroethylene 1988 43 1 3C
1992 930 39
1993 1,500 39
vinyl chloride 1987 1,900 1 0.2E, carcinogen
1988 1,000 1
1992 409 39
1993 420 39
xylenes (total) 1988 100 1 2,000Ei
1992 370 39
1993 470 39
zinc 1992 3,980 39 3,000R
1993 600 39

Contaminants of Concern that were not detected in this medium are not listed.

Bolded contaminants exceeded comparison values.

ND – Not Detected

J – Estimated value

(III) – For chromium(III)

(VI) – For chromium(VI)

NA – None Available

carcinogen – Carcinogen (possible, probable, or proven) but no CREG available.

Comparison Value Bases:

E – ATSDR Environmental Medium Evaluation Guides (EMEGs)

Ei – ATSDR Environmental Medium Evaluation Guides (EMEGs), intermediate-term exposure

R – ATSDR Reference Dose Medium Evaluation Guides (RMEGs), calculated from U.S. EPA Reference Doses, assuming child ingestion

C – ATSDR Cancer Risk Evaluation Guides (CREGs), for estimated 1 x 10-6 increased cancer risk.

A – U.S. EPA Drinking Water Lifetime Health Advisories

Table 5. Average Annual Concentrations (ppb) of Six Compounds in Bofors-Nobel Groundwater Purge System Discharge Water, 1982-1986, 1992

Compound 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1992
aniline 1,154 1,184 503 117 194 77
benzene 2,977 4,028 889 441 370 1,059
benzidine 371 646 554 303 198 86
DCB 213 225 191 128 113 128
1,2-dichloroethane 1,001 108 421 133 412 11
tetrachloroethylene 3 7 122 45 50 522

References: 23, Table 10; 39

Table 6. Concentrations of contaminants of concern in soil from the plant area at the Bofors-Nobel site, 1980-1988.

Chemical Date Maximum Concentration
(ppm)		 Reference Comparison Values
(ppm)
acetone 1986 691 38 200R
1988 0.025 1
arsenic 1988 4.2 1 0.4C
barium 1988 24.7J 1 100R
benzene 1988 58.7 1 20C
2-chloroaniline 1988 160 1 NA
chromium 1988 11.4 1 2,000R (III)
10R, 60C (VI)
cobalt 1988 3.J 1 NA
copper 1988 10.6 1 NA
DCB 1980 320 2 2C
1986 502 38
1988 160 1
2,2'-dichloroazobenzene 1986 1,170 38 NA
cis-1,2-dichloroethylene 1986 2.333 38 NA
trans-1,2-dichloroethylene 1986 2.35 38 40R
ethylbenzene 1986 1.01 38 200R
lead 1988 29.5 1 carcinogen
manganese 1988 172 1 300R
nickel 1988 7.4J 1 carcinogen
tetrachloroethylene 1986 20 38 10C
1988 0.14 1
toluene 1986 14 38 40Ei
1988 962 1
zinc 1988 6,030 1 600R

Contaminants of Concern that were not detected in this medium are not listed.

Bolded contaminants exceeded comparison values.

J – Estimated Value

(III) – For chromium(III)

(VI) – For chromium(VI)

NA – None Available

carcinogen – Carcinogen (possible, probable, or proven) but no CREG available.

Comparison Value Bases:

E – ATSDR Environmental Medium Evaluation Guides (EMEGs)

Ei – ATSDR Environmental Medium Evaluation Guides (EMEGs), intermediate-term exposure

R – ATSDR Reference Dose Medium Evaluation Guides (RMEGs), calculated from U.S. EPA Reference Doses, assuming child ingestion, with pica behavior

C – ATSDR Cancer Risk Evaluation Guides (CREGs), for estimated 1 x 10-6 increased cancer risk.

Table 7. Concentrations of contaminants of concern in sludge from the lagoons on the Bofors-Nobel site, 1981-88.

Chemical Date Maximum Concentration
(ppm)		 Comparison Values (soil)
(ppm)
acetone 1988 0.091 200R
arsenic 1988 43.8 0.4C
azobenzene 1988 12,000 6C
barium 1988 85 100R
benzidine 1988 3,400 0.003C
2-chloroaniline 1988 2,300 NA
chromium 1988 916 2,000R (III)
10R, 60C (VI)
cobalt 1988 36.7 NA
copper 1988 1,640 NA
DCB 1981 670 2C
1988 11,000
ethylbenzene 1988 9.2 200R
lead 1988 6,040.J carcinogen
manganese 1988 2,680 300R
nickel 1988 460 carcinogen
tetrachloroethylene 1988 0.68 10C
toluene 1988 1,100 40Ei
xylenes (total) 1988 58 400Ei
zinc 1988 91,200 600R

Reference: 1

Contaminants of Concern that were not detected in this medium are not listed.

Bolded contaminants exceeded comparison values.

(III)– For chromium(III)

(VI)– For chromium(VI)

NA – None Available

carcinogen– Carcinogen (possible, probable, or proven) but no CREG available.

Comparison Value Bases:

E – ATSDR Environmental Medium Evaluation Guides (EMEGs)

Ei – ATSDR Environmental Medium Evaluation Guides (EMEGs), intermediate-term exposure

R – ATSDR Reference Dose Medium Evaluation Guides (RMEGs), calculated from U.S. EPA Reference Doses, assuming child ingestion, with pica behavior

C – ATSDR Cancer Risk Evaluation Guides (CREGs), for estimated 1 x 10-6 increased cancer risk.

Table 8. Concentrations of contaminants of concern in subsurface soils from the lagoon area at the Bofors-Nobel site, 1981-88.

Chemical Date Maximum Concentration
(ppm)		 Comparison Values
(ppm)
acetone 1988 0.070 200R
arsenic 1988 2.4 0.4C
azobenzene 1988 1,000 6C
barium 1988 10.1J 100R
benzidine 1988 180 4E, 0.003C
2-chloroaniline 1988 270 NA
chromium 1988 8.8 2,000R (III)
10R, 60C (VI)
cobalt 1988 2.4J NA
copper 1988 41.2J NA
DCB 1981 85 2C
1988 500
lead 1988 19.2 carcinogen
manganese 1988 41.2 300R
nickel 1988 5.5J carcinogen
toluene 1988 16 40Ei
xylenes (total) 1988 0.036 400Ei
zinc 1988 1,960 600R

Reference: 1

Contaminants of Concern that were not detected in this medium are not listed.

Bolded contaminants exceeded comparison values.

J – Estimated concentration

(III)– For chromium(III)

(VI)– For chromium(VI)

NA – None Available

carcinogen– Carcinogen (possible, probable, or proven) but no CREG available.

Comparison Value Bases:

E – ATSDR Environmental Medium Evaluation Guides (EMEGs)

Ei – ATSDR Environmental Medium Evaluation Guides (EMEGs), intermediate-term exposure

R – ATSDR Reference Dose Medium Evaluation Guides (RMEGs), calculated from U.S. EPA Reference Doses, assuming child ingestion, with pica behavior

C – ATSDR Cancer Risk Evaluation Guides (CREGs), for estimated 1 x 10-6 increased cancer risk.

Table 9. Concentrations of contaminants of concern in surface soil samples from the Bofors-Nobel site, from the RI (1988).

Chemical Maximum Concentration
(ppm)		 Comparison Values
(ppm)
acetone 0.008 200R
arsenic 38.4 0.4C
azobenzene 3,100 6C
barium 134 100R
benzene 30 20C
benzidine 1.4 4E, 0.003C
2-chloroaniline 5.1 NA
chromium 125 2,000R (III)
10R, 60C (VI)
cobalt 5.9J NA
copper 197 NA
DCB 10,500 2C
lead 4,100 carcinogen
manganese 1,590 300R
nickel 47.9 carcinogen
tetrachloroethylene 12 10C
toluene 1,600 40Ei
xylenes (total) 10 400Ei
zinc 3,680 600R

Reference: 1

Contaminants of Concern that were not detected in this medium are not listed.

Bolded contaminants exceeded comparison values.

(III)– For chromium(III)

(VI)– For chromium(VI)

NA – None Available

carcinogen– Carcinogen (possible, probable, or proven) but no CREG available.

Comparison Value Bases:

E – ATSDR Environmental Medium Evaluation Guides (EMEGs)

Ei – ATSDR Environmental Medium Evaluation Guides (EMEGs), intermediate-term exposure

R – ATSDR Reference Dose Medium Evaluation Guides (RMEGs), calculated from U.S. EPA Reference Doses, assuming child ingestion, with pica behavior

C – ATSDR Cancer Risk Evaluation Guides (CREGs), for estimated 1 x 10-6 increased cancer risk.

Table 10. Air contamination at the Bofors-Nobel site, June-July 1988.

Chemical Maximum Concentration
(µg/m3)		 Comparison Values
(µg/m3)		 OSHA PEL
(µg/m3)		 Michigan AAACa
(µg/m3)
1,1-dichloroethylene 5.2 0.02C 4,000 NAb
tetrachloroethylene 690 2C 170,000 1.7
toluene 400 1,000Ea 375,000 3,800
1,1,1-trichloroethane 3.2 2,000Ea 1,900,000 NA
xylenes (total) 0.54 NA 435,000 4,400

Reference: 1

Contaminants of Concern that were not detected in this medium are not listed.

Bolded contaminants exceeded comparison values.

a – Acceptable Ambient Air Concentration, from Reference 1, Table 6-10

b – Not listed in Table

NA – None Available

Comparison Value Bases:

C – ATSDR Cancer Risk Evaluation Guides (CREGs), for estimated 1 x 10-6 increased cancer risk.

Ea – ATSDR Environmental Media Evaluation Guide (EMEGs), acute exposure

Table 11. Air contamination at the Bofors-Nobel site, December 1992-November 1993.

Chemical Maximum Concentration
(µg/m3)		 Comparison Values
(µg/m3)		 OSHA PEL
(µg/m3)		 Michigan AAACa
(µg/m3)
aniline 0.0079 1R, carcinogen 8,000 100
azobenzene 0.039 0.03C NA NAb
butylbenzyl phthalate 0.0672 carcinogen NA NA
bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 0.253 carcinogen NA 0.23
1,2-diphenylhydrazine 0.0665 0.005C NA NA
ethylbenzene 7 NA 435,000 4,400
2-methylnaphthalene 0.053 NA NA NA
phenol 0.117 NA 19,000 NA
tetrachloroethylene 38 2C 170,000 1.7
toluene 420 1,000Ea 375,000 3,800
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 80 NA 40,000 NA
trichloroethylene 10 0.6C 270,000 0.6
xylenes (total) 32 NA 435,000 4,400

Reference: 40

Contaminants of Concern that were not detected in this medium are not listed.

Bolded contaminants exceeded comparison values.

a – Acceptable Ambient Air Concentration, from Reference 1, Table 6-10

b – Not listed in Table

NA – None Available

carcinogen – Carcinogen (possible, probable, or proven) but no CREG available.

Comparison Value Bases:

C – ATSDR Cancer Risk Evaluation Guides (CREGs), for estimated 1 x 10-6 increased cancer risk.

Ea – ATSDR Environmental Media Evaluation Guide (EMEGs), acute exposure

R – U.S. EPA Reference Concentration (RfC)

Table 12. Concentrations of contaminants of concern found in groundwater from monitoring wells adjacent to the Bofors-Nobel Site (1981-88).

Chemical MW-48 MW-51 MW-52 Comparison Values
(ppb)
Date (ppb) Date (ppb) Date (ppb)
acetone 6/88 ND (10) 6/88 8.J 6/88 ND (10) 1,000R
aniline 10/84 12 10/84 ND 10/84 ND 6C
6/85 5 6/85 ND 6/85 ND
6/88 ND (10) 6/88 ND (10) 6/88 ND (10)
barium 6/88 16.6J 6/88 38.7J 6/88 22.1J 700R
benzene 1981 ND 1981 2.9 1981 2.6 1C
1/85 5 1/85 ND 1/85 ND
1986 ND 1986 5 1986 2
6/88 ND (5) 6/88 ND (5) 6/88 ND (5)
benzidine 2/85 4 2/85 ND 2/85 ND 20E, 0.0002C
6/85 6 6/85 ND 6/85 ND
1986 ND 1986 ND 1986 3
6/88 ND (10) 6/88 ND (10) 6/88 ND (10)
2-chloroaniline 1984 ND 1984 4 1984 ND NA
6/88 ND (10) 6/88 ND (10) 6/88 ND (10)
chromium 6/88 18.8 6/88 63.5 6/88 ND (8.3) 10,000R (III)
50R, 3C (VI)
cobalt 6/88 8.3J 6/88 8.3J 6/88 ND NA
copper 6/88 23.J 6/88 ND 6/88 ND 1,300MG
DCB 10/84 28 1984 6 1984 ND 0.08C
11/84 1
1/85 8 1985 11 1985 6
2/85 7
4/85 5
4/86 3 4/86 ND 4/86 ND
6/86 8 6/86 ND 6/86 ND
2/87 2 2/87 ND 2/87 ND
6/88 ND (10) 6/88 ND (10) 6/88 ND (10)
1,2-dichloroethane 1981 ND 1981 2.7 1981 17 0.4C
6/88 ND (5) 6/88 ND (5) 6/88 ND (5)
lead 6/88 ND (2.1) 6/88 5.9 6/88 2.6J 15PL, carcinogen
manganese 6/88 16.2 6/88 63.5 6/88 20.2 50R
nickel 6/88 14.J 6/88 ND 6/88 ND carcinogen
toluene 6/88 ND (5) 6/88 14 6/88 ND (5) 200Ei
xylenes (total) 6/88 ND (5) 6/88 12 6/88 ND (5) 2,000Ei
zinc 6/88 56 6/88 1,410 6/88 284 3,000R

Reference: 1

Contaminants of Concern that were not detected in this medium are not listed.

Bolded contaminants exceeded comparison values.

J – Estimated value, below contract required detection limit but above instrument detection limit.

ND – Not Detected (with detection limit, when known)

NA – None Available

carcinogen – Carcinogen (possible, probable, or proven) but no CREG available.

Comparison Value Bases:

E – ATSDR Environmental Medium Evaluation Guides (EMEGs)

Ei – ATSDR Environmental Medium Evaluation Guides (EMEGs), intermediate-term exposure

R – ATSDR Reference Dose Medium Evaluation Guides (RMEGs), calculated from U.S. EPA Reference Doses, assuming child ingestion

C – ATSDR Cancer Risk Evaluation Guides (CREGs), for estimated 1 x 10-6 increased cancer risk.

A – U.S. EPA Drinking Water Lifetime Health Advisories

PL – U.S. EPA Proposed Action Level for Lead in Drinking Water

Table 13. Concentrations of contaminants in fish collected from Black Creek at the U.S. 31 bridge, May 1987.

Chemical Maximum Concentration
(ppm)		 MDCH Level of Concerna
(ppm)
brown trout carp white sucker
Mercury ND (0.1) 0.33 0.17 0.5
Dieldrin 0.031 0.058 0.047 0.3
Hexachlorobenzene ND (0.001) 0.015 ND (0.001) 0.2-0.5b
Octachlorostyrene ND (0.001) 0.006 ND (0.001) NA
PCBs (total) 0.178 1.6 0.279 2

Reference: 44

ND – Not Detected (with detection limit)

NA – None Available

a – MDCH uses U.S. FDA Action Levels, except for mercury (U.S. FDA – 1.0 ppm).

b – International range of legal limits in fish (45). No MDCH or U.S. FDA Level of Concern.

Table 14. Number of Observed and Expected Cases of Invasive Bladder Cancer Among Residents of Zip Code 49442. 1985-1993.

Year Observed Casesa Expected Casesb Ratio (SMR)c Age-Adjusted Incidence Rated
ZIP County State
1985 8 8.1 0.99 * 17.3 18.9
1986 8 7.9 1.01 * 22.4 17.8
1987 4 8.6 0.47 * 23.6 18.9
1988 5 8.1 0.62 * 15.6 18.0
1989 11 7.7 1.43 * 23.3 17.3
1990 9 8.2 1.10 * 27.4 18.4
1991 11 8.2 1.34 * 19.2 18.3
1992 11 8.0 1.38 * 20.7 18.0
1993 16 8.3 1.93 * 29.4 18.7
1985-1993 83 73.1 1.14 19.7 22.1 18.3

Reference: 63

* – Rate is considered statistically unreliable.

a – Includes cases diagnosed between 1985 and 1993 and reported to the Michigan Department of Public Health, Office of the State Registrar and Division of Health Statistics by December 31, 1994.

b – Based on Michigan age- and sex-specific incidence rates and zip code age- and sex-specific population estimates

c – SMR = Standard Mortality Ratio. Observed number of cases divided by expected number of cases (62).

d – Computed by the direct method, using as the standard population the age distribution of the total population of the United States as enumerated in 1970. Rates are per 100,000 in the specified group. ZIP code populations for 1990 were used for 1989-1993. State and County populations for 1992 were used for 1992 and 1993.

Table 15. Number of Observed and Expected Cases of Invasive Bladder Cancer Among Residents of Zip Code 49444. 1985-1993.

Year Observed Casesa Expected Casesb Ratio (SMR)c Age-Adjusted Incidence Rated
ZIP County State
1985 0 4.9 0.00 * 17.3 18.9
1986 10 5.2 1.92 * 22.4 17.8
1987 6 5.8 1.03 * 23.6 18.9
1988 3 5.5 0.55 * 15.6 18.0
1989 4 5.6 0.71 * 23.3 17.3
1990 7 5.9 1.19 * 27.4 18.4
1991 5 6.0 0.83 * 19.2 18.3
1992 7 5.8 1.21 * 20.7 18.0
1993 7 6.0 1.17 * 29.4 18.7
1985-1993 49 50.7 0.97 19.7 22.1 18.3

Reference: 63

* – Rate is considered statistically unreliable.

a – Includes cases diagnosed between 1985 and 1993 and reported to the Michigan Department of Public Health, Office of the State Registrar and Division of Health Statistics by December 31, 1994.

b – Based on Michigan age- and sex-specific incidence rates and zip code age- and sex-specific population estimates

c – SMR = Standard Mortality Ratio. Observed number of cases divided by expected number of cases (62).

d – Computed by the direct method, using as the standard population the age distribution of the total population of the United States as enumerated in 1970. Rates are per 100,000 in the specified group. ZIP code populations for 1990 were used for 1989-1993. State and County populations for 1992 were used for 1992 and 1993.

Table 16. Number of Observed and Expected Cases of Invasive Bladder Cancer Among Residents of Zip Code 49415. 1985-1993.

Year Observed Casesa Expected Casesb Ratio (SMR)c Age-Adjusted Incidence Rated
ZIP County State
1985 2 1.1 1.82 * 18.6 19.9
1986 0 1.0 0.00 * 20.8 18.6
1987 2 0.9 2.22 * 26.1 19.8
1988 0 0.9 0.00 * 17.3 18.8
1989 1 0.9 1.11 * 25.3 18.4
1990 3 1.0 3.00 * 29.6 19.6
1991 0 0.9 0.00 * 20.6 19.4
1992 2 0.9 2.22 * 19.5 19.0
1993 2 1.0 2.00 * 32.6 19.6
1985-1993 12 8.6 1.40 * 23.4 19.2

Reference: 63

* – Rate is considered statistically unreliable.

a – Includes cases diagnosed between 1985 and 1993 and reported to the Michigan Department of Public Health, Office of the State Registrar and Division of Health Statistics by December 31, 1994.

b – Based on Michigan age- and sex-specific incidence rates and zip code age- and sex-specific population estimates

c – SMR = Standard Mortality Ratio. Observed number of cases divided by expected number of cases (62).

d – Computed by the direct method, using as the standard population the age distribution of the total population of the United States as enumerated in 1970. Rates are per 100,000 in the specified group. ZIP code populations for 1990 were used for 1989-1993. State and County populations for 1992 were used for 1992 and 1993.

Table 17. Number of Observed and Expected Cases of Cancer of All Sites Among Residents of Zip Code 49442. 1985-1993.

Year Observed Casesa Expected Casesb Ratio (SMR)c Age-Adjusted Incidence Rated
ZIP County State
1985 125 160.6 0.78 296.0 361.3 376.0
1986 158 162.3 0.97 365.2 410.7 383.8
1987 153 174.4 0.88 343.1 414.6 383.8
1988 151 171.6 0.88 332.3 370.0 381.7
1989 140 165.4 0.85 319.1 352.2 376.7
1990 155 178.1 0.87 337.8 380.2 401.7
1991 156 184.9 0.84 336.9 395.4 418.2
1992 210 187.2 1.12 470.3 413.0 422.8
1993 197 179.9 1.10 425.8 419.7 407.2
1985-1993 1,445 1,564.4 0.92 359.3 391.4 394.0

Reference: 63

a – Includes cases diagnosed between 1985 and 1993 and reported to the Michigan Department of Public Health, Office of the State Registrar and Division of Health Statistics by December 31, 1994.

b – Based on Michigan age- and sex-specific incidence rates and zip code age- and sex-specific population estimates

c – SMR = Standard Mortality Ratio. Observed number of cases divided by expected number of cases (62).

d – Computed by the direct method, using as the standard population the age distribution of the total population of the United States as enumerated in 1970. Rates are per 100,000 in the specified group. ZIP code populations for 1990 were used for 1989-1993. State and County populations for 1992 were used for 1992 and 1993.

Table 18. Number of Observed and Expected Cases of Cancer of All Sites Among Residents of Zip Code 49444. 1985-1993.

Year Observed Casesa Expected Casesb Ratio (SMR)c Age-Adjusted Incidence Rated
ZIP County State
1985 69 98.6 0.70 261.5 361.3 376.0
1986 101 106.8 0.95 353.9 410.7 383.8
1987 82 116.8 0.70 271.7 414.6 383.8
1988 100 116.2 0.86 331.0 370.0 381.7
1989 92 117.5 0.78 307.7 352.2 376.7
1990 95 126.4 0.75 292.5 380.2 401.7
1991 107 131.6 0.81 344.8 395.4 418.2
1992 114 133.4 0.85 371.4 413.0 422.8
1993 131 127.9 1.02 419.0 419.7 407.2
1985-1993 891 1,075.2 0.83 328.3 391.4 394.0

Reference: 63

a – Includes cases diagnosed between 1985 and 1993 and reported to the Michigan Department of Public Health, Office of the State Registrar and Division of Health Statistics by December 31, 1994.

b – Based on Michigan age- and sex-specific incidence rates and zip code age- and sex-specific population estimates

c – SMR = Standard Mortality Ratio. Observed number of cases divided by expected number of cases (62).

d – Computed by the direct method, using as the standard population the age distribution of the total population of the United States as enumerated in 1970. Rates are per 100,000 in the specified group. ZIP code populations for 1990 were used for 1989-1993. State and County populations for 1992 were used for 1992 and 1993.

Table 19. Number of Observed and Expected Cases of Cancer of All Sites Among Residents of Zip Code 49415. 1985-1993.

Year Observed Casesa Expected Casesb Ratio (SMR)c Age-Adjusted Incidence Rated
ZIP County State
1985 21 19.3 1.09 417.1 356.1 372.1
1986 18 19.1 0.94 * 412.8 367.8
1987 29 18.1 1.60 608.7 417.5 378.0
1988 11 17.8 0.62 * 379.1 377.0
1989 12 17.8 0.67 * 358.4 371.5
1990 22 19.1 1.15 458.4 390.0 398.7
1991 27 19.9 1.36 575.3 400.1 415.5
1992 23 20.2 1.14 468.7 412.0 419.6
1993 14 19.3 0.73 * 421.5 402.7
1985-1993 177 170.6 1.04 405.5 394.9 389.4

Reference: 63

a – Includes cases diagnosed between 1985 and 1993 and reported to the Michigan Department of Public Health, Office of the State Registrar and Division of Health Statistics by December 31, 1994.

b – Based on Michigan age- and sex-specific incidence rates and zip code age- and sex-specific population estimates

c – SMR = Standard Mortality Ratio. Observed number of cases divided by expected number of cases (62).

d – Computed by the direct method, using as the standard population the age distribution of the total population of the United States as enumerated in 1970. Rates are per 100,000 in the specified group. ZIP code populations for 1990 were used for 1989-1993. State and County populations for 1992 were used for 1992 and 1993.

Table 20. Number of Hospital Discharges with any Mention of Bladder Cancer and Hospitalization Rates per 100,000 Population, Zip Codes 49442 and 49444 and Muskegon County. 1983-1987.

Area Hospitalizations Rate
(per 100,000 pop.)
Zip Code 49442 103 51
Zip Code 49444 78 59
Muskegon County 396 51




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FOOTNOTES

1. On October 1, 1995, the environmental evaluation, regulatory, and enforcement functions of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) were transferred to the newly-formed Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ).

2. On April 1, 1996, the health assessment function of the Michigan Department of Public Health (MDPH) was absorbed into the newly-formed Michigan Department of Community Health (MDCH).

3. Calculated from the number of residences listed in Table 6-4 in the RI report ( 1), assuming an average of 3.8 persons per household.

4. U.S. Bureau of the Census statistical area, smaller than a census tract, with an average population of 1,000 people.

5. On April 1, 1996, the Drinking Water Section of the Michigan Department of Public Health (MDPH) was transferred to the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) Division of Drinking Water and Radiological Protection.

6. Pica behavior is an abnormal consumption of non-food materials, such as soil, most often seen in children under 5 years of age.

7. The report on this work (Reference 2) does not include any description of the sampling technique used. Some of the sample descriptions include depths "into soil" ranging from 3 to 5 inches, but it is not clear whether these are the depths to which the samples were collected or from which the samples were collected.

8. Reference 4 gives results for 10 employees and their family members, numbered 1 through 12 (omitting 6 and 11).

9. On April 1, 1996, the Michigan Department of Public Health, Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health, Division of Occupational Health was transferred to the Michigan Department of Labor.

10. For comparison, approximately 1 out of 4 Americans develops cancer at some time in his or her lifetime.

11. The NIOSH investigator had reports of two additional cases of bladder cancer within the study group, but one individual declined to be interviewed and the other did not give NIOSH permission to examine his medical records (Reference 7, p. 13).

12. The estimates were computed by multiplying the national age- and sex-specific cancer incidence rates compiled by the SEER Program by the number of people in each age group living in the zip code area according to U.S. Census data and estimates. These products are then summed to give the total cancer rate estimate (62).

13. On April 1, 1996, the health assessment function of the Michigan Department of Public Health (MDPH) was absorbed into the newly-formed Michigan Department of Community Health (MDCH).

14. On October 1, 1995, the environmental evaluation, regulatory, and enforcement functions of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) were transferred to the newly-formed Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ).

15. On April 1, 1996, the Drinking Water Section of the Michigan Department of Public Health (MDPH) was transferred to the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) Division of Drinking Water and Radiological Protection.

16. On April 1, 1996, the Michigan Department of Public Health, Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health, Division of Occupational Health was transferred to the Michigan Department of Labor.

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