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Most authors and sources below are external links and references that were used to inform this resource. Including them here does not imply CDC’s endorsement of these authors and sources. The sources below are included for informational purposes only, to further understand the topic and foster broader discussion about promoting global public health equity through communication.

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  1. Hendrix-Jenkins, (2020, August 4). It’s time to put an end to supremacy language in international development. OpenDemocracy. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/transformation/its-time-to-put-an-end-to-supremacy-language-in-international-development/
  2. Verga, D. (2020, November 11). How we talk about public health and why it matters[Review of How we talk about public health and why it matters]. PATH. https://www.path.org/articles/how-we-talk-about-public-health-and-why-it-matters/
  3. Warrington, S., & Crombie, J. (2017). The People in the Pictures: Vital perspectives on Save the Children’s image making. Save the Children. https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/node/12425/pdf/the_people_in_the_pictures_summary_0.pdf
  4. Khokhar, T., & Serajuddin, U. (2015, November 16). Should we continue to use the term “developing world”? [blog]. The World Bank Data Blog. https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/should-we-continue-use-term-developing-world
  5. Abimbola, & Pai, M. (2020). Will global health survive its decolonisation? The Lancet, 396(10263), 1627–1628. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32417-Xf
  6. Jones, (2019, March 6). We need to talk about racism in the development sector [blog]. Conrad Jones: History, Economics, and Health. https://conrad-jones.medium.com/we-need-to-talk-about-racism-in-the-development-sector-69cfed33ea02
  7. Clements, A. (2018, September 25). Healing solidarity: re-imagining international development. OpenDemocracy. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/transformation/healing-solidarity-re-imagining-international-development/
  8. Pai, M. [@paimadhu]. (2021, February 03). We’ve heard about “mansplaining”. Global health has a “HIC-splaining” issue- where folks in HICs *explain* to LMIC folks stuff they experience every day [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/paimadhu/status/1357119731099185152
  9. Gharib, (2015, September 30). At what point does a fundraising ad go too far? NPR: Goats and Soda. https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/09/30/439162849/at-what-point-does-a-fundraising-ad-go-too-far
  10. ‌Lentfer, & Spring 2014 International Development Communications class of Georgetown University’s Public Relations & Corporate Communications Master’s Program. (2014). The Development Element: Guidelines for the future of communicating about the end of global poverty.How Matters. http://www.how-matters.org/2014/07/06/the-development-element-guidelines-communications-global-poverty/
  11. ‌Khan, (2020, December 12). Opinion: Dear global north, please stop calling the rest of us poor. Devex. https://www.devex.com/news/opinion-dear-global-north-please-stop-calling-the-rest-of-us-poor-98684
  12. Alboum, S. (2018, February 11). More Than Words- The Case for Cultural Sensitivity in Translation [blog]. Global Health Council.
  13. UCSF Institute for Global Health Sciences. (2021). Conversation on Decolonizing Global Health with Dr. Kui Muraya. In Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=URdaV1GT1cU
  14. Philanthropy for Social Justice and Peace (PSJP), Knight, B., & Sahai, C. (2018). Dignity and Development: Paper 1 in PSJP’s Defining Key Concepts series. In C. Hartnell (Ed.), Philanthropy for Social Justice and Peace. Philanthropy for Social Justice and Peace. http://www.psjp.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Dignity-and-Development.pdf
  15. ‌Bruce-Raeburn, A. (2020, June 12). Opinion: The hustle- white saviors and hashtag activism. Devex. https://www.devex.com/news/opinion-the-hustle-white-saviors-and-hashtag-activism-97463
  16. ‌David, (n.d.). A Study of Visual Communication in Six African Countries. In RADI-AID. Norwegian Students’ and Academics’ International Assistance Fund (SAIH) and the School of International Development at the University of East Anglia. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52720d41e4b024943bdf6241/t/5c0930151ae6cf17b15fc46e/
    1544106023462/RADIAIDRESEARCH.pdf
  17. Decolonizing Global Health Toolkit. (2021, March). University of Washington International Clinical Research Center. https://globalhealth.washington.edu/sites/default/files/ICRC%20Decolonize%20GH%20Toolkit_20210330.pdf
  18. Structural Racism and Health Equity Language Guide. (2021, May). American Heart Association. https://professional.heart.org/-/media/phd-files-2/science-news/s/structural_racism_and_health_equity_language_guide.pdf?la=en
  19. Bansal, S. (2017, January 5). 17 Development Cliches I’ll be Avoiding in 2017. BRIGHT Magazine. https://brightthemag.com/17-development-clich%C3%A9s-ill-be-avoiding-in-2017-46c2345a507f
  20. ‌Silver, (2021, January 8). Memo to People of Earth: “Third World” is an Offensive Term! NPR: Goats and Soda. https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/01/08/954820328/memo-to-people-of-earth-third-world-is-an-offensive-term
  21. ‌Abrahams, J. (2019, December 5). Is it time to retire the term “developing country”?. Prospect Magazine. https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/world/is-it-time-to-retire-the-term-developing-country-wto-united-nations-global-inequality
  22. ‌Toshkov, D. (2018, November 6). The “Global South” is a terrible term. Don’t use it! Re-Design: Research Design Matters. http://re-design.dimiter.eu/?p=969
  23. ‌Affun-Adegbulu, , & Adegbulu, O. (2020). Decolonising Global (Public) Health: from Western universalism to Global pluriversalities. BMJ Global Health, 5(8), e002947. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002947
  24. Green, (2019, May 21). The activists trying to “decolonize” global health. Devex. https://www.devex.com/news/the-activists-trying-to-decolonize-global-health-94904
  25. ‌Eichbaum, G., Adams, L. V., Evert, J., Ho, M.-J., Semali, I. A., & van Schalkwyk, S. C. (2021). Decolonizing Global Health Education: Rethinking Institutional Partnerships and Approaches. Academic Medicine, 96(3), 329–335. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000003473
  26. Saha, S., Kavattur, P., & Goheer, A. (2019, April 26). The C-Word: Tackling the enduring legacy of colonialism in global health [blog]. Health Systems Global. https://healthsystemsglobal.org/news/the-c-word-tackling-the-enduring-legacy-of-colonialism-in-global-health/
  27. ‌Hommes, Monzó, H. B., Ferrand, R. A., Harris, M., Hirsch, L. A., Besson, E. K., Manton, J., Togun, T., & Roy, R. B. (2021). The words we choose matter: recognising the importance of language in decolonising global health. The Lancet Global Health, 9(7), e897–e898. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00197-2
  28. Nutbeam, D., & Lloyd, J. E. (2020). Understanding and Responding to Health Literacy as a Social Determinant of Health. Annual Review of Public Health, 42(1). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102529
  29. Jumbam, D. (2020). How (not) to write about global health. BMJ Global Health, 5(7), e003164. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003164
  30. Graham, A. (n.d.). Global Health Photography Ethics for Field Epidemiology Training Programs: Module 1 Ethics, Images, & TEPHINET. Retrieved October 6, 2021, from https://www.tephinet.org/sites/tephinet/files/content/attachment/2019-06-25/Module%201_Ethics%20Images%20and%20TEPHINET.pdf
  31. (2021, August 24). CDC’s Health Equity Guiding Principles for Inclusive Communication. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/healthcommunication/Key_Principles.html
  32. Dodd, S. (n.d.). Informed Consent and How to Fix it. Photography Ethics Centre. https://www.photoethics.org/content/2019/6/11/informed-consent
  33. PWB Code of Ethics. (n.d.). Photographers without Borders (PWB). https://www.photographerswithoutborders.org/code-of-ethics
  34. Donald W. Reynolds Journalism Institute at the University of Missouri. (2020). Photographing vulnerable populations in public spaces: The ethics of protest coverage [Panel discussion]. Missouri School of Journalism. https://rjionline.org/reporting/photographing-vulnerable-populations-in-public-spaces-the-ethics-of-protest-coverage/
  35. Galjour, J., Schwarz, T., Rusike, I., Lomazzi, M., Hoemeke, L., Prytherch, H., Rwafa-Ponela, T., Nanyonga, M., Ram, R. M., Neupane, S., Tsasis, P., Rumaney, M. B., Akinmurele, T., Ssemakula, M., Nanda, R. B., & Mpinga, E. K. (2021). From “learning from the field” to jointly driving change. Journal of Public Health Policy, 42(2), 331–345. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-021-00280-3
  36. Liebel, A. (2018, May 4). How to ditch the deficit perspective [blog]. Health Communication Partners. https://healthcommunicationpartners.com/podcast/ten-minutes-patient-communication/ditch-deficit-perspective/
  37. Tervalon, M., & Murray-García, J. (1998). Cultural Humility Versus Cultural Competence: A Critical Distinction in Defining Physician Training Outcomes in Multicultural Education. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 9(2), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2010.0233
  38. Yeager, K. A., & Bauer-Wu, S. (2013). Cultural humility: Essential foundation for clinical researchers. Applied Nursing Research, 26(4), 251–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2013.06.008
  39. Lekas, H.-M., Pahl, K., & Fuller Lewis, C. (2020). Rethinking Cultural Competence: Shifting to Cultural Humility. Health Services Insights, 13, 117863292097058. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178632920970580
  40. Frelick, B. (2014, June 24). Dispatches: Why We Should Outlaw “Illegal”. Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/06/24/dispatches-why-we-should-outlaw-illegal
  41. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2016). “Refugees” and “Migrants” – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs). UNHCR. https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/news/latest/2016/3/56e95c676/refugees-migrants-frequently-asked-questions-faqs.html
  42. Frenzen, N. (2014, July 1). Guest Post: The effect of negative labelling – Why are we still talking about “migrants”?MIGRANTS at SEA. https://migrantsatsea.org/2014/07/01/guest-post-the-effect-of-negative-labelling-why-are-we-still-talking-about-migrants/
  43. Taylor, A. (2015, July 30). Why the language we use to talk about refugees matters so much. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/07/30/why-the-language-we-use-to-talk-about-refugees-matters-so-much/
  44. Benton, G. (2017, August 28). Labeling the Displaced: Problematizing the Categorization of Refugees and IDPs [Blog]. Georgetown University Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs. https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/responses/labeling-the-displaced-problematizing-the-categorization-of-refugees-and-idps
  45. Ruz, C. (2015, August 28). The battle over the words used to describe migrants. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-34061097
  46. Nations, U. (2016). UNHCR viewpoint: “Refugee” or “migrant” – Which is right? https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2016/7/55df0e556/unhcr-viewpoint-refugee-migrant-right.html
  47. Key Migration Terms. (2016, March 16). United Nations International Organization for Migration. https://www.iom.int/key-migration-terms
  48. UN-Habitat (2020, October). Concepts and definitions: Indicator 11.1.1: Proportion of urban population living in slums, informal settlements or inadequate housing. United Nations Statistics Division. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-11-01-01.pdf
  49. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). (2003). The Challenge of Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements 2003. Earthscan Publications Ltd. https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Challenge%20of%20Slums.pdf
  50. Restrepo-Cadavid, P. (2012, April 2). The tricky question of calling a “slum” a slum [blog].Favel Issues. https://favelissues.com/2012/04/02/the-tricky-question-of-calling-a-slum-a-slum/
  51. Blumgart, J. (2017, October 10). Should we retire the word “slum”? Bloomberg CityLab; Bloomberg L.P. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-10/the-case-for-retiring-the-word-slum
  52. Liebel, A. (2017, November 3). Make this one change to improve your patient education. Health Communication Partners. https://healthcommunicationpartners.com/make-one-change-improve-patient-education/
  53. Callahan, M. (2018, April 17). The power of “voice” and empowering the voiceless. News@Northeastern; Northeastern University. https://news.northeastern.edu/2018/04/17/the-power-of-voice-and-empowering-the-voiceless/
  54. Everett, J. (2015, February 18). We don’t need to be a “voice for the voiceless”. Talk Poverty. https://talkpoverty.org/2015/02/18/dont-need-voice-voiceless/
  55. Registre, J. (2017, March 8). Why we should avoid becoming “the voice of the voiceless”. Inclusivus. https://inclusivus.org/inpowered-perspectives/2017/3/8/why-we-should-avoid-becoming-the-voice-of-the-voiceless
  56. Willingham, M. (2018, November 14). There are no “voiceless” people. Preemptive Love. https://preemptivelove.org/blog/there-are-no-voiceless-people/
  57. Samuel, S. A. (2021, May 27). The War on Metaphors. Review of Journalism: The School of Journalism. https://rrj.ca/the-war-on-metaphors/
  58. Nie, J.-B., Gilbertson, A., de Roubaix, M., Staunton, C., van Niekerk, A., Tucker, J. D., & Rennie, S. (2016). Healing Without Waging War: Beyond Military Metaphors in Medicine and HIV Cure Research. The American Journal of Bioethics, 16(10), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2016.1214305
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