National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Publication using Serum, Plasma, and Urine Specimens

Visit www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/spu-specimens/publications.html to find publications using samples from more recent years.

Serum, plasma, and urine specimens were collected in the NHANES III (1988-1994) and in subsequent NHANES survey cycles 1999-present. Health studies have been conducted on biospecimens from these survey cycles. Publications resulting from these health studies appear on the webpage.

Consumption of caffeinated beverages and serum concentrations of sex steroid hormones in US men external icon
Journal: Cancer Causes and Control
Year Published: 2018

Is Toxoplasma gondii infection correlated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease? – a population-based study external icon
Journal: BMC Infect Dis.
Year Published: 2018

Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and substance use in US adults external icon
Journal: Folia Parasitologica
Year Published: 2018

Interaction of sex steroid hormones and obesity on insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in men: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey external icon
Journal: Journal of Diabetes and its Complications
Year Published: 2017

Prevalence of myeloma precursor state monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance in 12372 individuals 10-49 years old: a population-based study from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveyexternal icon
Journal: Blood Cancer J.
Year Published: 2017

A Cross-Sectional Study of the Assocation of Age, Race and Ethnicity, and Body Mass Index with Sex Steroid Hormone Marker Profiles Among Men in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)
Journal: BMJ Open
Year Published: 2012

Inhibin B and Luteinizing Hormone Levels in Girls Aged 6-11 Years from NHANES III, 1988-1994
Journal: Clinical Endocrinology
Year Published: 2012

Reduced Cognitive Function in Children with Toxocariasis in a Nationally Representatative Sample of the United States
Journal: International Journal for Parasitology
Year Published: 2012

Serum Sex Steroid Hormones and Frailty in Older American Men of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)
Journal: The Aging Male
Year Published: 2012

The Effects of Freeze-Thaw on ß-trace Protein and ß2 Microglobulin Assays after Long-Term Sample Storage
Journal: Clinical Biochemistry
Year Published: 2012

The Relationship Between Toxoplasma Gondii Infection and Mood Disorders in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Journal: Biological Psychiatry
Year Published: 2012

Association Between Plasma Leptin Levels and Diabetes Mellitus
Journal: Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders
Year Published: 2011

Cystatin C, mortality risk and clinical triage in US adults: threshold values and hierarchical importance
Journal: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation
Year Published: 2011

National Prevalence Estimates for Cytomegalovirus IgM and IgG Avidity and Assocation Between high IgM Antibody Titer and low IgG Avidity
Journal: Clincal and Vaccine Immunology
Year Published: 2011

Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Prediabetes Among Subjects Free of Diabetes
Journal: Diabetes Care
Year Published: 2011

Serum Vitamin D Level and Prehypertension among Subjects Free of Hypertension
Journal: Kidney & Blood Pressure Research
Year Published: 2011

Sex-Steroid Hormones and Electrocardiographic QT-Interval Duration: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Journal: American Journal of Epidemiology
Year Published: 2011

The Prevalence of Low Sex Steroid Hormone and Concentrations in Men in the Third National Health and Nutrition Exmaination Survey (NHANES III)
Journal: Clinical Endocrinology
Year Published: 2011

Toxocara Infection and Diminished Lung Function in a Nationally Representative Sample from the United States Population
Journal: International Journal for Parasitology
Year Published: 2011

Toxocara Infection in the United States: the Relevance of Poverty, Geography and Demography as Risk Factors, and Implications for Estimating County Prevalence
Journal: International Journal of Public Health
Year Published: 2011

Association Between Lead and Cadmium and Reproductive Hormones in Peripubertal U.S. Girls
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives
Year Published: 2010

Association Between Serum IGF-1 and Diabetes Among U.S. Adults
Journal: Diabetes Care
Year Published: 2010

Blood Lead Level and Kidney Function in US Adolescents: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Journal: Archives of Internal Medicine
Year Published: 2010

Determinants of Serum IgG Responses to Periodontal Bacteria in a Nationally Representative Sample of US Adults
Journal: Journal of Clinical Periodontology
Year Published: 2010

Positive Relationship Between Plasma Leptin Level and Hypertension
Journal: Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders
Year Published: 2010

Cystatin C Levels in U.S. Adults, 1998-1994 Versus 1999-2002: NHANES
Journal: Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
Year Published: 2009

Serum Leptin Concentrations are not Related to Dietary Patterns but are Related to Sex, Age, Body Mass Index, Serum Triacylglycerol, Serum Insulin, and Plasma Glucose in the US Populaton
Journal: Nutrition & Metabolism
Year Published: 2009

Socioeconomic disparities in the seroprevalence of Cytomegalovirus Infection in the US Population: NHANES III
Journal: Epidemiology and Infection
Year Published: 2009

National Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Zoonotic Toxocara spp. Infection
Journal: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Year Published: 2008

Seroepidemiology of Human Papillomavirus Type 11 in the United States: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1991-1994
Journal: Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Year Published: 2008

Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara spp. Co-infection
Journal: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Year Published: 2008

Trends in Circulating Concentrations of Total Homocysteine Among US Adolescents and Adults: Findings from 1991-1994 and 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examinations Surveys
Journal: Clinical Chemistry
Year Published: 2008

Calibration of serum creatinine in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 1998-1994, 1999-2004
Journal: American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Year Published: 2007

Exposure to Secondhand Smoke and Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Never-Smoking Adults
Journal: Circulation
Year Published: 2007

In Vitamine B12 Deficiency, Higher Serum Folate is Associated with Increased Total Homocysteine and Methylmalonic Acid Concentrations
Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Year Published: 2007

Incidence of Cytomegalovirus Infection Among the General Population and Pregnant Women in the United States
Journal: BMC Infectious Diseases
Year Published: 2007

Insulin-like Growth Factors and Subsequent Risk of Mortality in the United States
Journal: American Journal of Epidemiology
Year Published: 2007

Risk Factors for Human Herpesvirus 8 Infection among Adults in the United States and Evidence for Sexual Transmission
Journal: Journal of Infectious Diseases
Year Published: 2007

Serum Levels of Insulin-like Growth Factor-I and Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Binding Protein-3: Quality Control for Studies of Stored Serum
Journal: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers, & Prevention
Year Published: 2007

Serum Sex Steroid Hormones and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)
Journal: Urology
Year Published: 2007

Trends in Serum Folate, RBC Folate, and Circulating Total Homocysteine Concentrations in the United States: Analysis of Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1998-1994, 1999-2000, and 2001-2002
Journal: The Journal of Nutrition
Year Published: 2006

Biochemical Indicators of B Vitamin Status in the US Population After Folic Acid Fortification: Resuls from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000
Journal: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Year Published: 2005

Serum Antibodies to Periodontal Pathogens and Markers of Systematic Inflammation
Journal: Journal of Clinical Periodontology
Year Published: 2005

Analysis of Serological Responses to Cryptosporidium Antigen Among NHANES III Participants
Journal: Annals of Epidemiology
Year Published: 2004

Distribution of Total Serum Homocysteine and its Association with Parental History and Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Ages 12-16 Years: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Journal: Annals of Epidemiology
Year Published: 2004

Establishment of Diagnostic Cutoff Points for Levels of Serum Antibodies to Pertussis Toxin, Filamentous Hemagglutinin, and Fimbriae in Adolescents and Adults in the United States
Journal: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology
Year Published: 2004

Islet Cell Autoimmunity in a Triethnic Adult Population of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Journal: Diabetes
Year Published: 2004

Serum Total Homocysteine Concentration Determinants in Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, and Mexican-American Populations of the United States
Journal: Ethnicity & Disease
Year Published: 2004

Demographic, Health, Lifestyle, and Blood Vitamin Determinants of Serum Total Homocysteine Concentrations in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994
Journal: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Year Published: 2003

Distribution of Serum Total Homocysteine and Its Association with Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk Factors of the Insulin Resistance Syndrome in Mexican American Men: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Journal: Nutrition Journal
Year Published: 2003

Serum Total Homocysteine Concentrations in Children and Adolescents: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)
Journal: The Journal of Nutrition
Year Published: 2003

Elevated Serum Methylmalonic Acid Concentrations Are Common amond Elderly Americans
Journal: Nutrional Epidemiology
Year Published: 2002

Patterns of Osteocalcin and Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase by Age, Gender, and Race or Ethnicity
Journal: Bone
Year Published: 2002

Patterns of Osteocalcin and Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase by Age, Gender, and Race or Ethnicity
Journal: Bone
Year Published: 2002

Serologic Immunity to Diphtheria and Tetanus in the United States
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine
Year Published: 2002

Seroprevalence of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Infection in the United States
Journal: The Journal of Infectious Diseases
Year Published: 2002

Hyperhomocysteinemia Associated with Poor Recall in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Journal: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Year Published: 2001

Hyperhomocysteinemia and Hypercholesterolemia Associated with Hypothyroidism in the Third US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Journal: Atherosclerosis
Year Published: 2001

Rubella Seropositivity in the United States, 1988-1994
Journal: Clinical Infectious Diseases
Year Published: 2001

Toxoplasma gondii Infection in the United States: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors
Journal: American Journal of Epidemiology
Year Published: 2001

Serum Retinol, the Acute Phase Response, and the Apparent Misclassification of Vitamin A Status in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Journal: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Year Published: 2000

Serum Total Homocysteine Concentration Is Related to Self-Reported Heart Attack or Stroke History among Men and Women in the NHANES III
Journal: The Journal of Nutrition
Year Published: 2000

Total Homocysteine and Estrogen Status Indicators in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Journal: American Journal of Epidemiology
Year Published: 2000

Increased Serum Transferrin Saturation Is Associated with Lower Serum Transferrin Receptor Concentration
Journal: Clinical Chemistry
Year Published: 1999

Serum Total Homocysteine Concentrations in Adolescent and Adult Americans: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Journal: American Journal for Clinical Nutrition
Year Published: 1999

Serum Total Homocysteine Concentrations in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1991-1994): Population Reference Ranges and Contribution of Vitamin Status to High Serum Concentrations
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine
Year Published: 1999

A Survey of Cryptosporidium Serum Antibodies Using Surplus NHANES III Sera: T 258
Journal: Epidemiology
Year Published: 1996

Prevalence, Magnitude, and Genotype Distribution of Urinary Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Shedding Among CMV-Seropositive Children and Adolescents in the United States external icon
Journal: Open Forum Infect Dis.
Year Published: 2019

Association between cytomegalovirus seropositivity and Type 2 diabetes is explained by age and other demographic characteristics: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey external icon
Journal: Diabetic medicine
Year Published: 2018

Urinary Cytomegalovirus Shedding in the United States: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1999-2004 external icon
Journal: Clinical Infectious Diseases
Year Published: 2018

The association between cytomegalovirus infection, obesity, and metabolic syndrome in U.S. adult females external icon
Journal: Obesity Society
Year Published: 2017

The Association between Physiologic Testosterone Levels, Lean Mass, and Fat Mass in a Nationally Representative Sample of Men in the United States external icon
Journal: Steroids
Year Published: 2016

Cross-Sectional Association Between Physical Activity and Serum Testosterone Levels in US Men: Results from NHANES 1999-2004external icon
Journal: Andrology
Year Published: 2016

Influence of Parity and Sexual History on Cytomegalovirus Seroprevalence among Women 20-49 Years-old in the United States, 1999-2004external icon
Journal: Int J Gynaecol Obstet.
Year Published: 2016

Intake and Biomarkers of Folate and Risk of Cancer Morbidity in Older Adults, NHANES 1999-2002 with Medicare Linkageexternal icon
Journal: PLoS One
Year Published: 2016

Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Indicators of Immune Function in Children Aged 12-19 y: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveyexternal icon
Journal: Population Study
Year Published: 2016

Relationship Between Mean Leucocyte Telomere Length and Measures of Allostatic Load in US Reproductive-Aged Women, NHANES 1999-2002external icon
Journal: Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology
Year Published: 2016

The Association between Physiologic Testosterone Levels, Lean Mass, and Fat Mass in a Nationally Representative Sample of Men in the United States external icon
Journal: Steroids
Year Published: 2016

Mercury Exposure and Antinuclear Antibodeies Among Females of Reproductive Age in the United States: NHANES
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives
Year Published: 2015

Unmetabolized Folic Acid is Detected in Nearly All Serum Samples from US Children, Adolescents, and Adults
Journal: The Journal of Nutrition
Year Published: 2014

Association Between Endogenous Sex Steroid Hormones and Inflammatory Biomarkers in US Men
Journal: Andrology
Year Published: 2013

Calibration of Cystatin C in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
Journal: American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Year Published: 2013

Serum concentrations of an aflatoxin-albumin adduct in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2000
Journal: Clinica Chimica Acta
Year Published: 2013

Trends in Sex Hormone Concentrations in U.S. Males: 1988-1991 to 1999-2004
Journal: International Journal of Andrology
Year Published: 2012

Assessment of Iron Status in US Pregnant Women from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999-2006
Journal: American Journal for Clinical Nutrition
Year Published: 2011

Associations of Blood Lead with Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate using MDRD, CKD-EPI and Serum Cystatin C-Based Equations
Journal: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation
Year Published: 2011

Pediatric GFR Estimating Equations Applied to Adolescents in the General Population
Journal: Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
Year Published: 2011

Seroprevalence of Antibody to Mumps Virus in the US Population, 1999-2004
Journal: Journal of Infectious Diseases
Year Published: 2011

Varicella Seroprevalence in the U.S.: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004
Journal: Public Health Reports
Year Published: 2010

Cystatin C Levels in U.S. Adults, 1998-1994 Versus 1999-2002: NHANES
Journal: Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
Year Published: 2009

Calibration of serum creatinine in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 1998-1994, 1999-2004
Journal: American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Year Published: 2007

Seroprevalence of Measles Antibody in the US Population, 1999-2004
Journal: Journal of Infectious Diseases
Year Published: 2007

Trends in Serum Folate, RBC Folate, and Circulating Total Homocysteine Concentrations in the United States: Analysis of Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1998-1994, 1999-2000, and 2001-2002
Journal: The Journal of Nutrition
Year Published: 2006