Literature Cited

Akesson, A., M. Berglund, et al. (2002). “Cadmium exposure in pregnancy and lactation in relation to iron status.” American Journal of Public Health 92(2): 284-287.

Alfven, T., C. Elinder, et al. (2004). “Cadmium exposure and distal forearm fractures.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 19(6): 900-908.

Alfven, T., L. Jarup, et al. (2002). “Cadmium and lead in blood in relation to low bone mineral density and tubular proteinuria.” Environmental Health Perspectives 110(7): 699-702.

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 1999. Toxicological Profile for Cadmium. US Department of Human and Health Services.

Bernard, A., H. Stolte, et al. (1997). “Urinary biomarkers to detect significant effects of environmental and occupational exposure to nephrotoxins. IV. Current information on interpreting the health implications of tests.” Renal failure 19(4): 553-566.

Buchet, J., R. Lauwerys, et al. (1990). “Renal effects of cadmium body burden of the general population.” Lancet 336: 699-702.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. Atlanta, Georgia: National Center for Environmental Health.

Drebler, J., K. Schulz, et al. (2002). “Lethal manganese-cadmium intoxication. A case report.” Archives of Toxicology 76: 449-451.

Elliott, P., R. Arnold, et al. (2000). “Risk of mortality, cancer incidence, and stroke in a population potentially exposed to cadmium.” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 57(94-97).

Ezaki, T., T. Tsukhara, et al. (2003). “No clear-cut evidence for cadmium-induced renal tubular dysfunction among over 10,000 women in the Japanese general population: a nationwide large-scale survey.” International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 76: 186-196.

Hazardous substances database (HSDB). 2006. Cadmium. National Library of Medicine Toxicology Data network, http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov.

Horiguchi, H., E. Oguma, et al. (2004). “Comprehensive study of the effects of age, iron deficiency, diabetes mellitus, and cadmium burden on dietary cadmium absorption in cadmium-exposed female Japanese farmers.” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 196: 114-123.

Ikeda, M., T. Ezaki, et al. (2005). “The threshold cadmium level that causes a substantial increase in urine of general populations.” Tohoku J Exp Med 205: 247-261.

Ikeda, M., T. Ezaki, et al. (2003). “Threshold levels of urinary cadmium in relation to increases in urinary â2-microglobulin among general Japanese populations.” Toxicology Letters 137: 135-141.

Il’yasova, D. and G. Schwartz (2005). “Cadmium and renal cancer.” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 207(2): 179-186.

Iwata, K., H. Saito, et al. (1993). “Renal tubular function after reduction of environmental cadmium exposure: a ten year follow up.” 48(3): 157-163.

Jarup, L. (2002). “Cadmium overload and toxicity.” Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 17(Suppl 2): 35-39.

Jarup, L., L. Hellstrom, et al. (2000). “Low level exposure to cadmium and early kidney damage: the OSCAR study.” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 57: 668-672.

Kobayashi, E., Y. Suwazono, et al. (2006). “Tolerable level of lifetime cadmium intake estimated as a benchmark dose low, based on excretion of beta2-Microglobulin in the cadmium-polluted regions of the Kakehashi River Basin, Japan.” Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 76: 8-15.

Lewis,R. 1997. Occupational Exposures. In Occupational and Environmental Medicine, LaDou, J, editor. Stamford, Connecticut: Appleton & Lange.

Mannino, D., F. Holguin, et al. (2004). “Urinary cadmium levels predict lower lung function in current and former smokers: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.” Thorax 59: 194-198.

Mueller, P., D. Paschal, et al. (1992). “Chronic renal effects in three studies of men and women occupationally exposed to cadmium.” Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 23: 125-136.

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (2006) Cadmium dust. NIOSH pocket guide. Cincinnati, Ohio: US Department of Health and Human Services.

National Toxicology Program. (2004) Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh edition. Carcinogen profiles, 2004. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program.

Navas-Acien, A., E. Selvin, et al. (2004). “Lead, cadmium, smoking, and increased risk of peripheral arterial disease.” Circulation 109: 3196-3201.

Navas-Acien, A., E. Silbergeld, et al. (2005). “Metals in Urine and Peripheral Artery Disease.” Environmental Health Perspectives 113(2): 164-169.

Newman-Taylor, A. (1998). Cadmium. Environmental and Occupational Medicine. W. N. Rom. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven: 1005-1010.

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. 1990. Testimony on Occupational Exposure to Cadmium. J D Millar, September 18, 1990.

Nishijo, M., H. Nakagawa, et al. (2002). “Effects of maternal exposure to cadmium on pregnancy outcome and breast milk.” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 59: 394-397.

Nogawa, K., E. Kobayashi, et al. (2004). “Environmental cadmium exposure, adverse effects and preventive measures in Japan.” BioMetals 17: 581-587.

Noonan, C., S. Sarasua, et al. (2002). “Effects of exposure to low levels of environmental cadmium on renal biomarkers.” Environmental Health Perspectives 110(2): 151-155.

Olsson, I., I. Bensryd, et al. (2002). “Cadmium in blood and urine-impact of sex, age, dietary intake, iron status, and former smoking-association of renal effects.” Environmental Health Perspectives 110(12): 1185-1190.

Roels, H., P. Hoet, et al. (1999). “Usefulness of biomarkers of exposure to inorganic mercury, lead, or cadmium in controlling occupation and environmental risks of nephrotoxicity.” Renal failure 21(3,4).

Sahmoun, A., L. Case, et al. (2005). “Cadmium and prostate cancer: a critical epidemiological analysis.” Cancer Investigation 23: 256-263.

Satarug, S., B. JR, et al. (2003). “A global perspective on cadmium pollution and toxicity in non-occupationally exposed population.” Toxicology Letters 137: 65-83.

Satarug, S. and M. Moore (2004). “Adverse health effects of chronic exposure to low-level cadmium in foodstuffs and cigarette smoke.” Environmental Health Perspectives 121(10): 1099-1103.

Satarug, S., M. Nishijo, et al. (2005). “Cadmium-induced nephropathy in the development of high blood pressure.” Toxicology Letters 157: 57-68.

Satoh, M., H. Koyama, et al. (2002). “Perspectives on cadmium toxicity research.” Tohoku J Exp Med 196: 23-32.

Sorahan, T. and N. Esmen (2004). “Lung cancer mortality in UK nickel-cadmium battery workers, 1947-2000.” Occupational Environmental Medicine 61: 108-116.

Staessen, J., T. Kuznetsova, et al. 1991. “Exposure to cadmium and conventional and ambulatory blood pressures in a prospective population study.” American Journal of Hypertension.

Staessen, J., H. Roels, et al. (1999). “Environmental exposures to cadmium, forearm bone density, and risk of fractures; prospective population study.” Lancet 353: 1140-1144.

Trzcinka-Ochocka, M., M. Jakubowski, et al. (2004). “The effects of environmental cadmium exposure on kidney function: the possible influence of age.” Environmental Research 95: 143-150.

Tsukahara, T., T. Ezaki, et al. (2003). “Rice as the most influential source of cadmium intake among general Japanese population.” The Science of the Total Environment 305: 41-51.

United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2006. Integrated risk information system (IRIS). US EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment.

Verougstraete, V. and D. Lison (2003). “Cadmium, lung, and prostate cancer: a systematic review of recent epidemiological data.” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 6(Part B): 227-255.

Waalkes, M. (2003). “Cadmium carcinogenesis.” Mutation Research 533: 107-120.

Waisberg, M., Joseph, P., Hale, B., Beyersmann, D. (2003) “Molecular and cellular mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenicity.” Toxicology 192(2-3): 95-117.

Watanabe, K., E. Kobayashi, et al. (2004). “Tolerable lifetime cadmium intake calculated from the inhabitants living in the Jinzu River basin, Japan.” Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 72: 1091-1097.

Zhang, Y., Y. Zhao, et al. (2004). “Effect of environmental exposure to cadmium on pregnancy outcome and fetal growth: a study on healthy pregnant women in China.” Journal of Environmental Science and Health A39(9): 2507-2715.