PUBLIC HEALTH ASSESSMENT
Plutonium 239 in Sewage Sludge
Used as a Soil or Soil Amendment in the Livermore Community
LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY, MAIN SITE (U.S. DOE)
LIVERMORE, ALAMEDA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
EPA FACILITY ID: CA2890012584
August 26, 2003
Prepared by:
Energy Section
Federal Facilities Assessment Branch
Division of Health Assessment and Consultation
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PATHWAYS
SECTION 2: COMMUNITY CONCERNS RELATED TO PLUTONIUM IN SEWAGE SLUDGE
SECTION 3. EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT OF PU 239-CONTAMINATED SLUDGE
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Exposure Assessment Method
Exposure Scenarios
Estimated Pu 239 Doses from Pu 239/240 Contaminated Soil
Maximum Pu 239 Concentrations in LWRP Sludge
SECTION 4. PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS
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Toxicology of Pu 239/240
Health effects associated with exposure to ionizing radiation
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Health Effects from background radiation
Incremental exposures above background radiation
Special Consideration of Women and Children
Adequacy of Available Data for Public Health Determination
Exposure and Health Evaluation
SECTION 5. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION PLAN
APPENDIX 1: GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS
APPENDIX 2: 1967 ASSESSMENT OF PU 239 RELEASE
APPENDIX 3: PEER REVIEW AND OTHER COMMENTS AND RESPONSES TO PUBLIC COMMENT RELEASE
APPENDIX 4: OUTPUT FROM RESRAD DOSE ASSESSMENT
APPENDIX 5: GROSS ALPHA AND NUCLIDE-SPECIFIC MONITORING DATA
APPENDIX 6: EPA SOIL SCREENING GUIDANCE FOR RADIONUCLIDES