Emergence and Evolution of H5N1 Bird Flu

Emergence and Evolution of H5N1 Bird Flu (Text Version)

[illustration of different bird types]

1996-1997 H5N1 bird flu viruses first detected

In 1996, highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus is first identified in domestic waterfowl in Southern China. The virus is named A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996. In 1997, H5N1 poultry outbreaks happen in China and Hong Kong with 18 associated human cases (6 deaths) in Hong Kong. This virus would go on to cause more than 860 human infections with a greater than 50% death rate.

[illustration of H5N1 influenza virus]

2003-2005 H5N1 Spreads

For several years, H5N1 viruses were not widely detected; however, in 2003, H5N1 re-emerges in China and several other countries to cause widespread poultry outbreaks across Asia. In 2005, wild birds spread H5N1 to poultry in Africa, the Middle East and Europe. The hemagglutinin (HA) gene of the virus diversifies into many genetic groups (clades). Multiple genetic lineages (genotypes) are detected.

[illustration of hemagglutinin genes diversifying]

2014-2016 H5N6 and H5N8 viruses emerge

Gene-swapping of H5 viruses from poultry and wild birds leads to emergence/detection of H5N6 and H5N8 virus subtypes. HA diversifies further into clade 2.3.4.4 in Asia, Africa, Europe, the Middle East and North America. H5 viruses with various neuraminidase (NA) genes continue to be detected, including in U.S. wild birds and poultry.

[illustration of H5N6 and H5N8 influenza viruses]

2018-2020 2.3.4.4b viruses spread widely

H5N6 and H5N8 viruses become predominant globally, replacing the original H5N1 viruses. As of 2022, there have been more than 70 reported H5N6 human infections and 7 H5N8 human infections. The H5 HA diversifies further into clade 2.3.4.4b which becomes predominant in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Middle East.

[illustration of hemagglutinin genes diversifying]

2021-2023 H5N1 found in Canada, US

A new H5N1 virus belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b with a wild bird adapted N1 NA gene emerges. Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses become predominant in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Middle East by the end of 2021. The virus is detected in wild birds in Canada and the United States in late 2021. In February 2022, the virus begins causing outbreaks in U.S. commercial and backyard poultry. Rare, sporadic human infections with this H5N1 virus are detected, as well as sporadic infections in mammals. More information is available: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/inhumans.htm.

[illustration of H5N1 influenza virus clade 2.3.4.4b]

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