Highlights in the History of Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) – References
This page provides a brief background, timeline, and summary of significant past outbreaks of bird flu in wild birds, domestic poultry, and people.
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- CDC ID. Emergence and Evolution of H5N1 Bird Flu. CDC Influenza Division; 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pdf/avianflu/bird-flu-origin-graphic.pdf [5.28 MB, 1 page]. Accessed 2022.
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- Terebuh P, Adija A, Edwards L, et al. Human infection with avian influenza A(H7N2) virus-virginia, 2002. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. 2018;12(4):529-532. doi:10.1111/irv.12546
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- Koopmans M, Wilbrink B, Conyn M, et al. Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. The Lancet. 2004;363(9409):587-593. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)15589-x
- Sims LD, Domenech J, Benigno C, et al. Origin and evolution of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in Asia. Veterinary Record. 2005;157(6):159-164. doi:10.1136/vr.157.6.159
- Peiris JSM, Yu WC, Leung CW, et al. Re-emergence of fatal human influenza a subtype H5N1 disease. The Lancet. 2004;363(9409):617-619. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)15595-5
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- Tweed SA, Skowronski DM, David ST, et al. Human illness from avian influenza H7N3, British Columbia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(12):2196-2199. doi:10.3201/eid1012.040961
- Hirst M, Astell CR, Griffith M, et al. Novel avian influenza H7N3 strain outbreak, British Columbia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(12):2192-2195. doi:10.3201/eid1012.040743
- Skowronski DM, Tweed SA, Petric M, Booth T, Li Y, Tam T. Human illness and isolation of low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus of the H7N3 subtype in British Columbia, Canada. J Infect Dis. 2006;193(6):899-901. doi:10.1086/500219
- Skowronski DM, Tweed SA, Petric M, Booth T, Li Y, Tam T. Human illness and isolation of low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus of the H7N3 subtype in British Columbia, Canada. J Infect Dis. 2006;193(6):899-901. doi:10.1086/500219
- Ostrowsky B, Huang A, Terry W, et al. Low pathogenic avian influenza A (H7N2) virus infection in immunocompromised adult, New York, USA, 2003. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(7):1128-1131. doi:10.3201/eid1807.111913
- Ostrowsky B, Huang A, Terry W, et al. Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H7N2) Virus Infection in Immunocompromised Adult, New York, USA, 2003. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(7):1128-1131. doi:10.3201/eid1807.111913
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- Lee CW, Swayne DE, Linares JA, Senne DA, Suarez DL. H5N2 avian influenza outbreak in Texas in 2004: the first highly pathogenic strain in the United States in 20 years. J Virol. 2005;79(17):11412-11421. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.17.11412-11421.2005
- Chen Y, Liang W, Yang S, et al. Human infections with the emerging avian influenza A H7N9 virus from Wet Market Poultry: Clinical analysis and characterisation of viral genome. The Lancet. 2013;381(9881):1916-1925. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60903-4
- Gao R, Cao B, Hu Y, et al. Human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza A (h7n9) virus. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013;368(20):1888-1897. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1304459
- Skowronski D, Chambers C, Gustafson R, et al. Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus Infection in 2 Travelers Returning from China to Canada, January 2015. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2016;22(1):71-74. doi:10.3201/eid2201.151330
- Lee D, Torchetti MK, Killian M, et al. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus, Tennessee, USA, March 2017. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(11):1860-1863. doi:10.3201/eid2311.171013
- World Health Organization WHO. Cumulative number of confirmed human cases for avian influenza A(H5N1) reported to WHO, 2003-2021. April 2022. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/human-animal-interface-risk-assessments/2022_april_tableh5n1.pdf [79 KB, 4 pages]
- Youk S, Lee D, Killian ML, et al. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H7N3) Virus in Poultry, United States, 2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2020;26(12):2966-2969. doi:10.3201/eid2612.202790
- Qi X, Qiu H, Hao S, et al. Human Infection with an Avian-Origin Influenza A (H10N3) Virus. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(11):1087-1088. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2112416
- Qi X, Qiu H, Hao S, et al. Human Infection with an Avian-Origin Influenza A (H10N3) Virus. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(11):1087-1088. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2112416
- Rijks JM, Hesselink H, Lollinga P, et al. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Wild Red Foxes, the Netherlands, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(11):2960-2962. doi:10.3201/eid2711.211281
- Hu T, Zhao H, Zhang Y, et al. Fatal influenza A (H5N1) virus Infection in zoo-housed Tigers in Yunnan Province, China. Sci Rep. 2016;6:25845. Published 2016 May 10. doi:10.1038/srep25845
- Keawcharoen J, Oraveerakul K, Kuiken T, et al. Avian influenza H5N1 in tigers and leopards. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(12):2189-2191. doi:10.3201/eid1012.04075954. World Organisation for Animal Health. Immediate notification Highly pathogenic influenza A viruses (Inf. with)(non-poultry including wild birds)(2017-), Estonia. World Animal Health Information System. https://wahis.woah.org/#/report-info?reportId=44804. Published 2021. Accessed 2022.
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- EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), EURL (European Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza), Adlhoch C, Fusaro A, Gonzales JL, Kuiken T, Marangon S, Niqueux É, Staubach C, Terregino C, Aznar I, Muñoz Guajardo I and Baldinelli F, 2022. Scientific report: Avian influenza overview December 2021 – March 2022. EFSA Journal 2022;20(4):7289, 64 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7289
- ProMED, Outbreak News Today. Promed Post – Avian Influenza (93): Japan, Raccoon Dog, HPAI H5N1, Request for Information. ProMED. https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=20220413.8702568. Published December 7, 2021. Accessed 2022.
- Shin D, Siebert U, Lakemeyer J, et al. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus in Gray Seals, Baltic Sea. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2019;25(12):2295-2298. doi:10.3201/eid2512.181472.
- Promed Post – Avian influenza (117): Europe (Germany) seal, HPAI H5N8. ProMED. https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=20210924.8698675. Published December 7, 2021. Accessed 2022.
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- Hinshaw VS, Bean WJ, Webster RG, et al. Are seals frequently infected with avian influenza viruses? Journal of Virology. 1984;51(3):863-865. doi:10.1128/jvi.51.3.863-865.1984
- Webster RG, Hinshaw VS, Bean WJ, et al. Characterization of an influenza A virus from seals. Virology. 1981;113(2):712-724. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(81)90200-2
- Floyd T, Banyard AC, Lean FZX, et al. Encephalitis and Death in Wild Mammals at a Rehabilitation Center after Infection with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(11):2856-2863. doi:10.3201/eid2711.211225