PUBLIC HEALTH ASSESSMENT

MCCLELLAN AIR FORCE BASE
SACRAMENTO, SACRAMENTO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

CONCLUSIONS

The first conclusion of every ATSDR public health assessment identifies the level of public health hazard posed by the site. Table 21 defines the public health hazard conclusion categories.

1. ATSDR has defined McAFB as a public health hazard. Areas south and west of McAFB (OUs A, B, C, and D) are identified by ATSDR as public health hazards because contaminant sources from those areas have contributed to environmental contamination to which people on and off site have been, are, or could be exposed. ATSDR has defined completed groundwater, ambient air, and soil exposure pathways for contaminants of concern (VOCs, PCBs and heavy metals). People have been, are, or may be exposed by way of ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. The estimated exposures, based on the contaminant concentrations reported and prolonged exposures, could cause adverse health effects in any segment of the exposed population.

Other areas of the base have not been characterized; they are considered indeterminate public health hazards. ATSDR will review environmental information on those OUs and any additional information for OUs A, B, C, and D, as it becomes available, and make follow-up recommendations as appropriate.

2. Base wells are a past completed exposure pathway; on-site residents and workers were exposed to TCE by way of ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. TCE concentrations in potable water were not high enough to cause noncancerous health effects in workers and residents after long-term exposure. Because TCE was the only contaminant listed at the point of drinking water distribution , ATSDR could not evaluate health effects of other VOCs that were in the base water supply system. With the exception of BW 18, the major supply well for the base, contaminated base supply wells have been abandoned. BW 18 was placed back on-line after installation of a carbon treatment system to remove VOCs. Because the treatment system is monitored weekly for any potential contamination, and other supply wells are tested every two weeks, ATSDR does not consider the base wells a completed pathway at this time.

Table 21. ATSDR Public Health Hazard Conclusion Categories

Category	Definition Criteria
A. Urgent public health hazard	This category is used for sites that pose an urgent public health hazard as the result of short-term exposures to hazardous substances.	evidence exists that exposures have occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur in the future AND estimated exposures are to a substance(s) at concentrations in the environment that, upon short-term exposures, can cause adverse health effects to any segment of the receptor population AND/OR community-specific health outcome data indicate that the site has had an adverse impact on human health that requires rapid intervention AND/OR physical hazards at the site pose an imminent risk of physical injury
B. Public health hazard	This category is used for sites that pose a public health hazard as the result of long-term exposures to hazardous substances.	evidence exists that exposures have occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur in the future AND estimated exposures are to a substance(s) at concentrations in the environment that, upon long-term exposures, can cause adverse health effects to any segment of the receptor population AND/OR community-specific health outcome data indicate that the site has had an adverse impact on human health that requires intervention
C. Indeterminate public health hazard	This category is used for sites with incomplete information.	limited available data do not indicate that humans are being or have been exposed to levels of contamination that would be expected to cause adverse health effects; data or information are not available for all environmental media to which humans may be exposed AND there are insufficient or no community-specific health outcome data to indicate that the site has had an adverse impact on human health
D. No apparent public health hazard	This category is used for sites where human exposure to contaminated media is occurring or has occurred in the past, but the exposure is below a level of health hazard.	exposures do not exceed an ATSDR chronic MRL or other comparable value AND data are available for all environmental media to which humans are being exposed AND there are no community-specific health outcome data to indicate that the site has had an adverse impact on human health
E. No public health hazard	This category is used for sites that do not pose a public health hazard.	no evidence of current or past human exposure to contaminated media AND future exposures to contaminated media are not likely to occur AND there are no community-specific health outcome data to indicate that the site has had an adverse impact on human health

3. On-site ambient air is both a past and a present completed pathway. Workers in the past in and around Building 252 were exposed to mercury by inhalation. Other contaminants detected in the ambient air at concentrations that could result in increased risk of developing cancer include benzene, TCE, and 1,1-DCE. Earlier air monitoring indicated higher levels of those contaminants in the industrial section of the site. Using wind direction information, it is not apparent that on-site family housing has been or would be affected by the ambient air exposure pathway. The 1991 air toxics report included the results of computer simulations that suggest that people may be currently exposed to VOCs. Air monitoring detection limits for some chemicals, such as PCBs and vinyl chloride, are higher than health comparison values. It is therefore possible that some chemicals have not been detected that are actually present at levels that exceed health comparison values.



4. Off-site residents, west of the base and near OU D, have been exposed to VOCs and metals emanating from the site by groundwater migration. Residents in the same area are exposed to VOCs in the ambient air pathway and to heavy metals in surface sediments along Magpie Creek. Thus, that community population is exposed to similar environmental contaminants through multiple routes of exposure.



5. Off-site residents' exposure to VOCs and metals in groundwater was first identified in 1979; McAFB provided those affected with connections to municipal water supplies in 1986-1987. In the interim, residents drank bottled water, but they continued to be exposed by way of inhalation of and dermal contact with the volatile compounds while using groundwater for other purposes (bathing, irrigation). Because some private wells are used for irrigating home gardens and watering livestock, it is possible that certain contaminants could bioaccumulate in the food chain and be ingested by the property owners.



6. Off-site residents have been or are being exposed by way of the ambient air pathway to VOCs. ATSDR reviewed analyses of air samples from the crawl spaces of homes, soil gas monitoring wells, and air monitoring data from samples taken in the breathing zones on residential property and air stations adjacent, and upwind of the properties. Evaluation of ambient air data from residential properties and air stations adjacent to the properties identified benzene, TCE, and 1,1-DCE as contaminants of public health concern because exposure to them may result in an increased cancer risk.



7. Off-site residents, especially children, have been, are, and may be exposed to heavy metals by ingestion of or dermal contact with sediments in Magpie Creek. The exposure to cadmium in the sediments is considered a public health concern. Since cadmium is known to accumulate in green vegetables and fruits, use of the sediments from the creek in gardening areas is a potential health concern.



8. Limited on-base surface soil has been sampled. Results for OU B1 indicated PCBs at concentrations that have significant public health implications. Surface soil is a completed human exposure pathway. The levels of PCB found OU B1 are high enough to cause an increased risk of developing cancer and other adverse health effects.



9. Contaminant concentrations in on-site subsurface soils may cause adverse health effects if an exposure route is completed. Workers involved in remediating contaminated soils and construction workers disturbing the soil (concurrent dermal contact with and ingestion or inhalation of contaminants) would be the potentially exposed populations for the pathway.



10. Possible concentrations of off-site contaminants in the surface water and sediment of Magpie Creek are of particular concern to citizens and ATSDR. Preliminary data on sediment samples indicated cadmium at concentrations of public health concern. Incidental ingestion of or dermal contact with the contaminated sediments by children may result in an increased risk of developing adverse health effects. More data, such as testing for PCBs potentially migrating from OU B1, are required for ATSDR to completely address this pathway.



11. ATSDR has requested health outcome data from CDHS, but they have not yet been provided. Sacramento County health outcome data have been available only since 1987. When the data are provided, ATSDR will evaluate them and make follow-up recommendations as appropriate.



12. Data inadequacies include these:



1. The lack of on-site surface soil data at each OU prevents an assessment of the potential adverse health effects of exposure.



2. On-site sediment and surface water sampling from Robla, Don Julio, and Magpie creeks, and from the southern and northern drainage ditches was preliminary. Quality control problems associated with the analyses were noted. Additional sampling is needed off-site.



3. Air monitoring stations on site are not positioned to adequately define the nature and extent of air contamination in the residential areas.



4. Available off-site air monitoring data for some chemicals are of restricted use in defining the level of health concern because the detection limits for these chemicals are higher than their health comparison values. Thus, a "non detect" for such chemicals could actually be of health concern.



5. Groundwater samples were field-filtered. Field-filtered samples do not accurately represent concentrations to which people ingesting contaminated groundwater may actually be exposed.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Continue testing on-site groundwater supply wells for hazardous contaminants.



2. Place air monitoring stations on and around McAFB to evaluate the nature and extent of air releases that could affect residential areas.



3. Conduct a complete residential (private) well-use survey for the defined groundwater impact area west of the site.



4. Continue to perform off-site ambient air sampling in and around the homes near OU D or other areas with high levels of soil gases (at the breathing zone); also analyze for methane.



5. Analyze groundwater to evaluate human health exposure pathways using unfiltered samples.



6. Design sediment and surface water sampling for Magpie Creek to include upstream, downstream, and background samples and to evaluate seasonal changes in contaminant concentrations; if contaminants are detected in Magpie Creek that have the potential to bioaccumulate in food chain entities (e.g. frog legs and crawfish) and there is evidence that the food chain entities are being consumed by humans, the food chain entities also should be sampled.



7. Restrict access to affected areas along Magpie Creek where contaminant concentrations are determined to be of public health concern; perform additional sediment sampling to determine extent of contamination.



8. If heavy metals that bioaccumulate in biota such as cadmium, lead, chromium, arsenic, and mercury are present in the soil and groundwater, analyze for those contaminants in livestock, vegetables, fruits, or nuts grown in contaminated soil, or irrigated with contaminated groundwater.



9. Continue to provide on-site remedial workers with adequate protective equipment and training, in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.120, and follow appropriate National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and Occupational Safety and Health Administration guidelines.



10. Continue to monitor ambient air and any other appropriate media during remediation to determine if nearby workers or residents are exposed.



11. Provide NIOSH with information about on-site occupational concerns to evaluate the need for long-term, follow-up health studies.



12. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, as amended, requires ATSDR to perform public health actions needed at hazardous waste sites. To determine if public health actions are needed, ATSDR's Health Activities Recommendation Panel (HARP) has evaluated the data and information in the McClellan Air Force Base Public Health Assessment.

The affected community and local health professionals need health education to understand, identify, and assess any adverse health effects caused by exposures to hazardous chemical waste. Community health investigations are indicated on and off base to evaluate and determine health concerns and whether those concerns are linked to exposures to hazardous substances. Comprehensive epidemiologic studies are also needed because there are indications that identified populations have developed or may yet develop adverse health effects caused by exposure to hazardous substances in the environment. HARP also recommends a community assistance panel (CAP) be established for this NPL site to help implement the recommended health actions.

PUBLIC HEALTH ACTIONS

The public health action plan (PHAP) for McAFB NPL site contains a description of actions undertaken or planned by ATSDR and/or the Air Force (AF) at and in the vicinity of the site subsequent to the completion of this public health assessment. The purpose of the PHAP is to ensure that this public health assessment not only identifies public health hazards, but provides a plan of action designed to mitigate and prevent adverse human health effects resulting from exposure to hazardous substances in the environment. The public health actions to be implemented are as follows:

Actions Undertaken

1. McAFB provided the community in the defined impact area west of the base an alternate water supply (bottled water and connections to municipal water supplies) for potable use when contamination was detected in residential wells.



2. McAFB has collected surface soil samples (< 3 inches) off-site from four residential yards as requested by ATSDR. Results of the data on those samples were used to evaluate the potential for adverse public health effects from exposure to contaminants in surface soil.



3. McAFB has collected groundwater samples from a small number of residential wells, using unfiltered samples as requested by ATSDR for metal analyses, (ATSDR health consultation, Appendix E). The results of the study were used to evaluate potential public health effects from current exposures by inhalation and ingestion of, and dermal contact with contaminants in the groundwater.



4. McAFB is continuing sampling of groundwater supply wells.



5. McAFB is conducting air media risk screening and risk assessment modeling (using EPA air modeling programs) as required by the Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District.



6. McAFB is continuing to collect air samples from crawl spaces in homes around McAFB. This sampling will determine the need to sample in the homes.



7. McAFB is developing a sampling plan to collect background sediment and surface water samples. After background concentrations have been established, the Air Force will evaluate the need for further sampling.



8. On-site remedial workers are provided hazard communication training on the hazards of their work environment. They are also provided appropriate personal protective equipment, briefed on the use and maintenance of the equipment, and required to follow written health and safety plans.



9. Health and safety procedures are followed according to written safety plans to ensure that workers and nearby residents are protected.



10. NIOSH has conducted an on-site visit to evaluate the occupational concerns related to the mercury contamination n building 252 and has issued a report of their findings (102).

Actions Planned

1. The ATSDR Division of Health Education will provide environmental health education for local military and civilian health care providers to assist the community in assessing possible adverse health outcomes associated with exposure to hazardous substances.



2. The ATSDR Division of Health Studies has proposed an epidemiologic study. Such a study may include a census and an evaluation of self reported symptoms and diseases, and biomedical testing.



3. ATSDR is working to implement other community health follow-up activities on and off site, such as investigations of possible cancer clusters and community health education.



4. ATSDR will cooperate with the Air Force to implement other public health actions necessary for populations on site exposed to environmental contaminants.



5. ATSDR will maintain active community involvement by the establishment of a community assistance panel (CAP) at McAFB. The CAP will provide information to the community on the public health assessment and ongoing public health actions. The CAP will act also as a liaison to provide information to ATSDR about community concerns.



6. ATSDR will provide an annual follow up to this PHAP, outlining the actions completed and those in progress. This report will be placed in repositories that contain copies of this public health assessment, and will be provided to persons who request it.



7. McAFB will work with ATSDR and the Armstrong Laboratory of Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine to design a well-use survey.



8. McAFB will evaluate the results of the well-use survey to determine if biota or soil contaminated with contaminated groundwater should be sampled.

ATSDR will reevaluate and expand the PHAP when needed. New environmental, toxicological, or health outcome data, or the results of implementing the above proposed actions may determine the need for additional actions at the McAFB NPL site.

PREPARERS OF REPORT

Leslie Campbell, MS
Environmental Health Scientist
Federal Programs Branch
Division of Health Assessment and Consultation

Oscar Cerda, MD
Medical Officer
Federal Programs Branch
Division of Health Assessment and Consultation

Leticia Arredondo, MD, MPH
Medical Officer
Federal Programs Branch
Division of Health Assessment and Consultation

Susan L. Kess, MD, MPH
Medical Officer
Office of the Director
Division of Health Assessment and Consultation

Victoria Ann Smith
Environmental Health Scientist
Federal Programs Branch
Division of Health Assessment and Consultation

Reviewers of Report:

Mike Allred, PhD
Health Scientist
Federal Programs Branch
Division of Health Assessment and Consultation

Susan McAfee Moore
Environmental Health Scientist/Toxicologist
Federal Programs Branch
Division of Health Assessment and Consultation

John E. Abraham, PhD, MPH
Section Chief, Defense Facilities Assessment Section
Federal Programs Branch
Division of Health Assessment and Consultation

ATSDR Regional Representative:

William Nelson
Public Health Advisor
EPA Region IX

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FIGURES

Figure 1. Location of McClellan AFB

Figure 2. McClellan AFB Operable Units and Groundwater Flow Directions

Figure 3. Communities Adjacent to McClellan AFB, and Schools and Parks in the Vicinity

Figure 4. Off-Base Groundwater Impact Area. All residents within the Off-Base Impact Area have been Supplied with municipal water hook-ups

Figure 5. McClellan AFB, OU D. Locations of Soil Gas Monitoring Wells and Surface Soil Samplings

Figure 6. McClellan AFB, OU B. Groundwater Plume, Zone C

Figure 7. Location of Off-Site Residential Wells and MWs Sampled Aug - Sept. 1991

Figure 8. McClellan AFB Hourly Average Surface Wind Rose

GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS

ATSDR	- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
BW	- Base Well
CDHS	- California Department of Health Services
CERCLA	- Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
CREG	- Cancer Risk Evaluation Guide
CRWQCB	- California Regional Water Quality Control Board
CS	- Confirmed Site
DCA	- Dichloroethane
DCE	- Dichloroethene
DWHA	- Drinking Water Health Advisory
EM	- Environmental Management
EMEG	- Environmental Media Evaluation Guide
EPA	- Environmental Protection Agency
HARP	- Health Activities Recommendation Panel
IRP	- Installation Restoration Project
IWTP	- Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant
McAFB	- McClellan Air Force Base
MC	- Methylene Chloride
MCL	- Maximum Contaminant Level
MCLG	- Maximum Contaminant Level Goal
MRL	- Minimal Risk Level
MW	- Monitoring Well
OSHA	- Occupational Safety and Health Administration
NPL	- National Priorities List
OU	- Operable Unit
PCB	- Polychlorinated Biphenyl
PCE	- Tetrachloroethene
PMCL	- Proposed Maximum Contaminant Level
ppb	- Parts Per Billion
ppm	- Parts Per Million
PRL	- Potential Release Location
RfC	- EPA Reference Concentration
RfD	- EPA Reference Dose
RfDC	- Media Concentration Calculated from RfD
SA	- Study Area
TCA	- Trichloroethane
TCE	- Trichloroethene
USGS	- United States Geological Survey
UST	- Underground Storage Tank
VC	- Vinyl Chloride
VOC	- Volatile Organic Compound

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY: REFERENCES REVIEWED BUT NOT CITED

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2. Levi F, La Vecchia C, Te VC. Epidemiology of malignant brain tumors in the swiss canton of Vaud. Neuroepidemiology 1990;9:135-142.



3. Musicco M, Filippini G, Bordo BM, et al. Gliomas and occupational exposure to carcinogens: Case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 1982;116:782-790.



4. Olshan AF, Breslow NE, Daling JR, et al. Childhood brain tumors and paternal occupation in the aerospace industry. J Nat Cancer Instit. 1986;77:17-19.



5. Preston-Martin S. Descriptive epidemiology of primary tumors of the spinal cord and spinal meninges in Los Angeles County, 1972-1985. Neuroepidemiology 1990;9:106-111.



6. Rothenberg RB, Steinberg K, Thacker SB. The public health importance of clusters: A note from the Centers for Disease Control. Am J of Epidemiol 1990;132:(suppl 1):s3-5.



7. Stroup NE, Blair A, Erickson GE. Brain cancer and other causes of death in anatomist. J Nat Cancer Instit 1986;77:1217-1224.

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